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    Genome Organization

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    kavishmehala28
    The document discusses genome organization in prokaryotes. It defines key terms like genome and prokaryotes. It explains that in prokaryotes the DNA is tightly packed into the nucleoid through supercoiling. This compaction involves proteins like HU, IHF, DNA topoisomerases and gyrase.

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    Genome Organization

    Uploaded by

    kavishmehala28
    33 views20 pages
    The document discusses genome organization in prokaryotes. It defines key terms like genome and prokaryotes. It explains that in prokaryotes the DNA is tightly packed into the nucleoid through supercoiling. This compaction involves proteins like HU, IHF, DNA topoisomerases and gyrase.

    Original Description:

    This slide explains the package of DNA into chromosome

    Original Title

    3. Genome Organization

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    The document discusses genome organization in prokaryotes. It defines key terms like genome and prokaryotes. It explains that in prokaryotes the DNA is tightly packed into the nucleoid through supercoiling. This compaction involves proteins like HU, IHF, DNA topoisomerases and gyrase.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    33 views20 pages

    Genome Organization

    Uploaded by

    kavishmehala28
    The document discusses genome organization in prokaryotes. It defines key terms like genome and prokaryotes. It explains that in prokaryotes the DNA is tightly packed into the nucleoid through supercoiling. This compaction involves proteins like HU, IHF, DNA topoisomerases and gyrase.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Genome Organization

    in Prokaryotes
    By,
    Dr.M.Rajamehala, AP/BT
    Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women
    What is a genome ?
    The total DNA (genetic information) contained in an
    organism is regarded as the genome.
    Thus, the genome is the store house of biological
    information. It includes the chromosomes in the nucleus
    and the DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
    The study of the structure and function of genome is
    called genomics
    What are prokaryotes?
    (Greek : pro – before ;karyon –
    nucleus)
    Prokaryotes are the primitive cells.
    They lack a well defined nucleus and
    relatively possess simple structure.
    Generally we know the best example
    for the prokaryote which are
    bacteria.
    Generally bacteria are very small size
    ranging from 0.5 to 5 micro metres
    and we see later how the DNA is
    packed in a prokaryote.
    Genome organisation in prokaryotes
    In prokaryotic cells we know they lack a true nucleus
    But where will be the genetic material of bacteria
    Nucleoid - the area of a prokaryotic cell in which the
    chromosomal DNA is located
    Generally if we take an example of E.coli ( width - 0.5
    micrometres length -2 micrometres) contains genetic
    material which of 1.5 millimetres in length which
    contains 5.44*106 base pairs.
    Genome packaging in prokaryotes
    (Super coiling)
    • The prokaryotes compress their DNA into smaller spaces by supercoiling.
    • Genomes can be negatively supercoiled (the DNA is twisted in the opposite
    direction of the double helix) or positively supercoiled (the DNA is twisted
    in the same direction of the double helix).
    • Most of the bacterial genomes are negatively supercoiled during normal
    growth.
    • E.coli is negatively supercoiled.
    • The DNA of E.coli contains 50 -100 domains or loops and electron
    micrographs show that some of them are independent of coiling.
    Proteins involved in super coiling
    • Multiple proteins act together to fold and condense prokaryotic DNA.
    • In particular one protein called HU. Most abundant DNA binding
    protein in nucleoid and is positively charged.
    • HU bind to DNA and introduce sharp bends in the
    chromosome ,generating the tension necessary for the coiling.
    • IHF (integration host factor) bind to specific sequences within
    genome to create further bends.
    • The DNA is wound around a tetramer of HU proteins like in
    eukaryotes(DNA wrapping around histone octamer).
    • DNA topo isomerase 1 and DNA gyrase help maintain the
    supercoils.
    • H-NS (histone like proteins) and factor for inversion
    stimulation(FIS) are some maintenance proteins involved in
    regulation of gene expression.
    Genome Organization
    in Eukaryotes

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