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    FIRE Proof

    Uploaded by

    Shafeed Shefi
    This document discusses fire safety in building construction. It covers causes of fires, types of fire hazards, fire load classification, grading of structural elements and buildings based on fire resistance. It also discusses the fire resistance properties of common building materials like stone, brick, concrete, steel, timber etc. General fire safety requirements for buildings like exits, escape routes, basement safety are explained. Fire proof construction of walls, columns, floors, roofs and wall openings are covered. The document concludes with discussions on fire alarms and fire extinguishing equipment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    FIRE Proof

    Uploaded by

    Shafeed Shefi
    119 views29 pages
    This document discusses fire safety in building construction. It covers causes of fires, types of fire hazards, fire load classification, grading of structural elements and buildings based on fire resistance. It also discusses the fire resistance properties of common building materials like stone, brick, concrete, steel, timber etc. General fire safety requirements for buildings like exits, escape routes, basement safety are explained. Fire proof construction of walls, columns, floors, roofs and wall openings are covered. The document concludes with discussions on fire alarms and fire extinguishing equipment.

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    for b tech student easy simple

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    This document discusses fire safety in building construction. It covers causes of fires, types of fire hazards, fire load classification, grading of structural elements and buildings based on fire resistance. It also discusses the fire resistance properties of common building materials like stone, brick, concrete, steel, timber etc. General fire safety requirements for buildings like exits, escape routes, basement safety are explained. Fire proof construction of walls, columns, floors, roofs and wall openings are covered. The document concludes with discussions on fire alarms and fire extinguishing equipment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    119 views29 pages

    FIRE Proof

    Uploaded by

    Shafeed Shefi
    This document discusses fire safety in building construction. It covers causes of fires, types of fire hazards, fire load classification, grading of structural elements and buildings based on fire resistance. It also discusses the fire resistance properties of common building materials like stone, brick, concrete, steel, timber etc. General fire safety requirements for buildings like exits, escape routes, basement safety are explained. Fire proof construction of walls, columns, floors, roofs and wall openings are covered. The document concludes with discussions on fire alarms and fire extinguishing equipment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    FIRE PROOF CONSTRUC

    INTRODUCTION
    Fire safety may be deemed to cover
    the following aspects
    Fire prevention and reduction
    number of outbreaks of fire

    of

    Spread of fire, both internally and


    externally
    Safe exit of any and all occupants in
    the event of an out-break of fire
    Fire extinguishing apparatus

    FIRES ARE CAUSED BY


    Careless discarding of lighted ends
    cigarettes, cigars, matches and tobacco
    Smoking in unauthorized places

    of

    Indifferent
    maintenance
    of
    machinery
    including overloading and under or over
    lubricating of bearings
    General indifference to cleanliness
    Incorrect storage of materials
    Faulty workmanship and inattention
    electrical installations
    Un-approved equipment and layout

    of

    Carelessness of persons concerned with


    inspection

    TYPES OF FIRE HAZARDS


    Possibility of damage or life - Personal hazards
    Possibility of fire occurring and spreading inside
    the building itself - Internal hazard
    Possibility of fire spreading from an adjoining
    building or buildings or from across a street or
    road - Exposure hazard

    FIRE LOAD
    Fire load is the amount of heat in Kilocalories (k
    cal) which is liberated per square metre of floor
    area of any compartment by the combustion of
    the contents of the building and any
    combustible part of the building itself. This
    amount of heat is used as the basis of grading of
    occupancies
    For example, if a section of a building having an
    area of 80 sq. metre has 1200 kg of combustible
    material having a calorific value of 4000 kcal/kg
    Fire load = 1200 x 4000/80 = 60000 kcal/m2

    FIRE LOAD
    Indian standard (IS : 1641 1960) grades
    the fire loads into the following three
    classes:
    Classification
    Fire load
    Type of buildings
    Low fire load

    Not exceeding
    275000 kcal/m2

    Domestic buildings,
    hotels and offices

    Moderate fire load

    Exceeding 275000
    kcal/m2 but not
    exceeding
    550000 kcal/m2

    Trading
    establishments and
    factories

    High fire load

    Exceeds 550000
    kcal/m2 but does not
    exceed 1100000
    kcal/m2

    Godowns

    GRADING OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS


    Structural elements of buildings are graded,
    for fire resistance, by the time for which they
    resist a standard fire of given time
    Grade No.

    Time-in-hours

    Fire load and class of fire which


    the structural element can
    withstand
    Fire load in
    kcal/m2

    Class of Fire

    1100000 and over

    Very high

    500000 - 1100000

    High

    275000 - 500000

    Medium

    Less than 275000

    Low

    0.5

    Very low

    GRADING OF BUILDINGS
    Type

    All components have

    Type 1 construction

    4 hrs fire resistance

    Type 1 construction

    3 hrs fire resistance

    Type 1 construction

    2 hrs fire resistance

    Type 1 construction

    1 hrs fire resistance

    CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRE RESISTING MATE


    The material should not disintegrate
    under the effect of great heat
    The expansion of the material due to
    heat should not be such that it leads to
    instability of the structure of which it
    forms a part
    The contraction of the material due to
    sudden cooling with water (during fire
    exinguition process) after it has been
    heated to a high temperature should not

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
    Non-combustible materials
    Are those which if decomposed by heat will
    do so with absorption of heat (i.e.
    endothermically)
    Do not contribute to the growth or spread of
    fire
    But are damaged or decomposed when high
    temperature are reached
    Stones and brick, concrete, clay products,

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
    Combustible materials
    Are those which, during fire, combine
    exothermically with oxygen, resulting in
    evolution of lot of heat and giving rise to
    flame or glow
    Such material burn and also contribute to
    growth or spread of fire
    Wood and wood products, fibre board, staw
    board

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
    Stone
    Non-combustible material
    Bad conductor of heat
    Does not contribute to fire
    Disintegrate when heated and suddenly cooled
    Granite- severe heat disintegrate and explode
    Lime stone-worst performance- crumble under ordinary
    fire
    Sand stone can withstand moderate fire without serious
    crack

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS

    Bricks
    Poor conductor of heat
    Can stand exposure of fire for a considerable time
    upto a temperature of 1200 oC
    Brick masonry construction with good mortar and
    better workmanship, is the most suitable for
    safeguarding the structure against fire hazards

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS

    The behaviour of concrete during exposure to fire


    varies with
    The nature of course aggregate and its density
    The quality of cement
    The position of steel in the concrete
    Aggregate expand on heating
    Concrete shrink on heating
    These two opposite actions may lead to spalling of
    concrete surface
    Porous aggregate has less tendency to crack
    For fire resistance more cover for fire resistance
    In general concrete offer much higher fire resistance
    than any other building materials
    RCC structures can withstand fire lasting for several

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
    Steel
    Very low fire resistance
    Modulus of elasticity reduces
    Looses its tensile strength rapidly

    Yeild stress at 600 deg C is about half at normal temperat


    Steel beam sags and column buckles

    Protect steel members with some covering insulating mat


    Brick concrete etc

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
    Timber
    Timber is a combustible material
    Ignites and get rapidly destroyed during fire
    If timber is used in thick section, it possesses the
    properties of self-insulation and slow burning
    During exposure to fire, timber surface gets charred,
    the charred portion act as a protective coating to the
    inner portion
    If temperature are higher than 500 deg C timber
    gets dehydrated under continued exposure, giving
    rise to combustible volatile gases which readily catch

    Timber

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS

    Timber is made fire resistant by


    Using thicker section

    Reducing number of corners and reducing surface a

    Coating timber structure with chemical like ammoni

    phosphate and sulphate, borax and boric acid, zinc c


    Painting timber surface with asbestos paints
    Oil paints should not be used as these paints catch

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
    Cast-iron and wrought iron
    Rarely used in fire resistance construction
    On cooling sudden contraction , breaks in to pieces
    Failure is sudden
    Cover it by brick or concrete for higher resistance

    Asbestos cement good fire resistance property


    Aluminium poor fire resistance

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
    Glass
    Poor conductor of heat
    Thermal expansion is less
    When suddenly cooled cracks are formed
    Cracks minimised by steel reinforcing- reinforced
    glass is more fire resistant
    And therefore used in fire-resisting doors, windows etc

    FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF


    COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS

    Plaster or mortar
    Plaster is non-combustible
    Used as a protective coating against fire risk
    Cement plaster is better than lime plaster
    Lime plaster is likely to be calcined during fire
    Reinforced with metal mesh for more fire resistance

    GENERAL FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS


    Electrical and/or mechanical lifts may not always
    reliable during fire
    Buildings having more than one storey shall be
    provided with safe fire proof exits and escapes
    Exits shall be so placed that they are always
    immediately accessible and of having capacity to take
    all persons of that floor
    Escape routes shall be well-ventilated as persons
    using the escapes are likely to be facing smoke
    problems during fire
    Fire proof doors and the building components should
    be of grade as per the code
    Easily operable doors and windows

    GENERAL FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS


    Construction of false ceiling should be given special
    attention to prevent total or early collapse in the
    event of fire
    It is essential that fire resistance of the basement
    shall conform to the highest order and all columns for
    supporting the upper structures shall have a grading
    not less than laid down in grade 1 to 3
    Unobstructed smoke extracts, distributed locations,
    location should be easily identifiable from inside and
    out side of the building, easily breakable cover for
    smoke extracts, properly isolated from adjacent
    rooms by fire proof construction materials are must
    for basement floors for smoke extraction

    FIRE PROOF CONSRUCTION : WALLS AND COLUMNS


    Made of thicker section so that they can withstand
    the fire for longer time
    They can also act as barrier against spread of fire to
    adjoining areas
    For walls bricks are preferred than stones
    For framed construction RCC should be preferred
    than steel
    Steel if used should be encased with concrete or
    bricks
    Thicker cover for reinforcements
    Partition wall should be of fire resistant material,
    concrete hollow blocks, bricks, reinforced glass,
    asbestos sheets, metal wire mesh with plaster

    FIRE PROOF CONSRUCTION : FLOORS AND ROOFS

    Flat roof (RCC) is preferable than pitched /sloping


    roof
    For pitched roof, truss in RCC or encased in fire
    proofing materials
    Floors concrete floor or steel floor encased in
    concrete is better
    Timber beams is of thicker sections without sharp
    corners
    False ceiling is of fire resistant materials like
    asbestos cement sheets

    FIRE PROOF CONSRUCTION : WALL OPENINGS AND FIRE ESC


    Minimum opening to reduce
    considering the escapes also

    fire

    spread

    but

    Escapes should be properly fire protected


    Reinforced glass are better for glazings
    Tiber doors thickness of the shutters and frame
    should be increased
    Fire escapes specifications

    FIRE ALARMS

    Manual and automatic

    FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENTS


    Manual
    As soon as the fire starts
    Not useful once the fire has spread
    Portable carbon dioxide type
    Foam generation type
    Buckets of water and sand installed
    convenient locations

    at

    Automatic sprinklers
    Network of pipes 20 mm dia fixed to the ceiling
    of the rooms
    Spacing 3 m centre to centre
    Heat actuated sprinkler heads with fusible plug
    are fixed to these pipes at regular intervals
    Fuse melts, water rushes out and fire brought
    under control in a short period

    FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENTS


    Fire hydrants
    Water pressure 3.5 to 4 kg/cm2
    Based on density of population and importance to
    the area
    One hydrant per 4000 to 10 000 m2
    Post hydrant or sunk/flush hydrant

    FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENTS


    Wet riser system

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