Ja303 Automotive Electrical

CHAPTER 2
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTROMAGNETISM
LEARNING OUTCOMES
i. Explain relationship between current flow
and magnetism
ii. Understand the characteristics of magnetic
quantities in electromagnet
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTROMAGNETISM
All materials are made up of atoms. An atom has

a nucleus around which one or more electrons
circle in different orbits.
An electron has a negative electric charge and a
nucleus has a positive one.
CONDUCTOR, INSULATOR
AND SEMICONDUCTOR
Conductors
Materials in which free electrons can be made to move are
known as conductors.
Most metals are good conductors.
Example iron, aluminum, bronze and steel.
Insulators
Materials in which free electrons are not readily moved
Insulators are generally non-metallic and include rubber
Semiconductors
Semiconductors are materials whose free electrons ability
to move falls between that of conductors and insulators
DIRECTION OF
CURRENT FLOW
By convention, electric current flows from high

potential (+, positive) to low potential (, negative).
R1=15
V=120V
R2=10
MAGNET
The behavior of magnets and the main rules that concern us are as
follows:
i. Magnets have north and south poles.
ii. Magnets have magnetic fields.
iii. Magnetic fields are made up from lines of magnetic force.
iv. Magnetic fields flow from north to south.
ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM
Electromagnetism is produced when an electrical current

flows through a simple conductor such as a piece of wire
or cable.
A small magnetic field is created around the conductor

with the direction of this magnetic field with regards to
its "North" and "South" poles being determined by the
direction of the current flowing through the conductor.
Relationship that exists between Electricity and

Magnetism in the form of Electromagnetism.
CURRENT FLOW IN
A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
When a current flows through a conductor, it produces a

magnetic field.
The direction of the current in the conductor is indicated

by the symbols
which indicates a current flowing away
from you, or INTO the plane of the screen, and
, which
indicates a current moving towards you, or OUT of the
screen
Consider a dart, with the current flowing in the direction

of its point.
Now stick it in a piece of cardboard, and view it from the
top. It mimics the current flowing away from the viewer
and into the cardboard.
Now turn the cardboard over, and look at the point,
which symbolizes the current flowing towards the
viewer.
CURRENT FLOW
IN TWO CONDUCTOR
If currents pass along two parallel wires, each wire will

set up a magnetic field and the fields will interact
according to the rules described in the previous topic.
Two parallel conductors which each carry a current in

the SAME DIRECTION will ATTRACT one another.
Two such conductors which carry currents in an

OPPOSITE DIRECTION will REPEL each other:
FACTORS THAT AFFECT

ELECTROMAGNETIC
STRENGTH
Current Strength
As current increases, magnetism increase.
Current directly proportional to electromagnetic strength.
Conductor length
As length increases, magnetism decreases.
Length inversely proportional to electromagnetic strength.
Coil Length
As coil length increases, magnetism increases.
Coil length directly proportional to electromagnetic strength.
MAGNETISM
ELECTRICITY
ELECTROMAGNETISM
SINGLE
CONDUCTOR
TWO
CONDUCTOR
CLOCKWISE
ATTRACT
ANTICLOCK
WISE
REPEL
FACTOR
CURRENT
STRENGTH
COIL
LENGTH
CONDUCTOR
LENGTH
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Basic laws:
A method of obtaining an electric current with the aid of magnetic flux.
When a conductor cuts or is cut by magnetic flux, a voltage is generated in

the conductor.
The magnitude of voltage is proportional to the rate at which the conductor

cut or is cut by the magnitude flux(flux meaning something that flows).
The direction of the induced voltage depends upon the direction of the
magnetic field and the direction in which the field moves relative to the
conductor.
MUTUAL INDUCTION
If two coils (known as the primary and secondary) are wound

on to the same iron core then any change in magnetism of
one coil will induce a voltage into the other.
This happens when a current to the primary coil is switched
on and off.
If the number of turns of wire on the secondary coil is more
than the primary, a higher voltage can be produced.
If the number of turns of wire on the secondary coil is less
than the primary a lower voltage is obtained. This is called
transformer action and is the principle of the ignition coil.
The value of this mutually induced voltage depends on:

The primary current.
The turns ratio between primary and secondary coils.
The speed at which the magnetism changes.
MAGNETIC QUANTITIES
With magnetism, we have the following quantities to deal with:
Magnetomotive Force - The quantity of magnetic field force, or "push." Analogous to electric voltage
(electromotive force).
Field Flux
- The quantity of total field effect, or "substance" of the field. Analogous to electric current.
Field Intensity
- The amount of field force (mmf) distributed over the length of the electromagnet.
Sometimes
referred to asMagnetizing Force.
Flux Density
- The amount of magnetic field flux concentrated in a given area.
Reluctance
Analogous
- The opposition to magnetic field flux through a given volume of space or material.
Permeability
- The specific measure of a material's acceptance of magnetic flux, analogous to the specific
resistance of a conductive material (), except inverse (greater permeability means easier
passage of magnetic flux, whereas greater specific resistance means more difficult
passage of
to electrical resistance.
electric current).
FACTORS AFFECT THE VALUE OF

INDUCED CURRENT
The number of turns of the coil

As the number of turns increases, the magnitude of the
induced current increases.
The speed of the relative motion of the conductor and the

magnetic field
As the speed of the relative motion of the magnet increases
the magnitude of the induced current increases.
The strength of the magnet (magnetic field strength)

As the strength of the magnet increases, the magnitude of
the induced current will increase
MAGNETIC
QUANTITIES
AL N
U
T
O
MU CTI
DU
N
I
Magnetomotive
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Force
Field Flux
Field Intensity
Flux Density
Reluctance
Permeability
FACTORS
Number Of Turns Of The Coil
Strength Of The Magnet
Speed Of The Relative Motion

Of The Conductor

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CHAPTER 2

All materials are made up of atoms. An atom has

By convention, electric current flows from high

Electromagnetism is produced when an electrical current

A small magnetic field is created around the conductor

Relationship that exists between Electricity and

When a current flows through a conductor, it produces a

The direction of the current in the conductor is indicated

Consider a dart, with the current flowing in the direction

If currents pass along two parallel wires, each wire will

Two parallel conductors which each carry a current in

Two such conductors which carry currents in an

FACTORS THAT AFFECT

A method of obtaining an electric current with the aid of magnetic flux.

When a conductor cuts or is cut by magnetic flux, a voltage is generated in

The magnitude of voltage is proportional to the rate at which the conductor

If two coils (known as the primary and secondary) are wound

The value of this mutually induced voltage depends on:

- The amount of magnetic field flux concentrated in a given area.

FACTORS AFFECT THE VALUE OF

The number of turns of the coil

The speed of the relative motion of the conductor and the

The strength of the magnet (magnetic field strength)

Strength Of The Magnet

Speed Of The Relative Motion

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