Computer System Overview
Computer System Overview
Computer System Overview
Operating Systems:
Internals and Design Principles
No artifact designed by man is so convenient for this
kind of functional description as a digital computer.
Almost the only ones of its properties that are
detectable in its behavior are the organizational
properties. Almost no interesting statement that one
can make about an operating computer bears any
particular relation to the specific nature of the
hardware. A computer is an organization of
elementary functional components in which, to a
high approximation, only the function performed by
those components is relevant to the behavior of the
whole system.
THE SCIENCES OF THE ARTIFICIAL ,
Herbert Simon
Operating System
Exploits the hardware resources of one or
Basic Elements
Processor
Main Memory
Volatile
Contents of the memory is
I/O Modules
System Bus
Provides for
communication among
processors, main
memory, and I/O
modules
Top-Level
View
Microprocessor
Invention that brought about
Graphical Processing
Units (GPUs)
Provide efficient computation on
as audio or video
Used to be embedded in devices
like modems
Encoding/decoding speech and
video (codecs)
Support for encryption and security
System on a Chip
(SoC)
To satisfy the requirements of
Instruction Execution
A program consists of a set of
from memory
Program counter (PC) holds address of
the instruction to be fetched next
PC is incremented after each fetch
Fetched instruction
is loaded into
Instruction Register
(IR)
Processor interprets
memory
Processor-I/O
Data processing
Control
Characteristics of a
Hypothetical Machine
Example of
Program Execution
Interrupts
Interrupt the normal sequencing of the
processor
Provided to improve processor
utilization
most I/O devices are slower than the processor
processor must pause to wait for device
wasteful use of the processor
Common
Classes
of Interrupts
Flow of
Control
Without
Interrupts
Interrupts:
Short I/O
Wait
Program Timing:
Short I/O Wait
Program
Timing:
Long I/O wait
Simple
Interrupt
Processing
Multiple Interrupts
Memory Hierarchy
Major constraints in memory
amount
speed
expense
Memory must be able to keep up with the
processor
Cost of memory must be reasonable in
relationship to the other components
Memory Relationships
of access to the
memory by the
processor
Two-Level Memory
tend to cluster
Data is organized so that the
percentage of accesses to each
successively lower level is substantially
less than that of the level above
Can be applied across more than two
levels of memory
Invisible to the OS
Interacts with other memory management hardware
Processor must access memory at least once per
instruction cycle
Processor execution is limited by memory cycle time
Exploit the principle of locality with a small, fast
memory
Cache
and
Main
Memory
Cache/Main-Memory Structure
I/O Techniques
Programmed I/O
The I/O module performs the requested
Interrupt-Driven I/O
Interrupt-Driven I/O
Drawbacks
Transfer rate is limited by the speed
programmed I/O
Multiprocessors
(SMP)
A stand-alone computer system with
SMP Organization
Multicore Computer
Also known as a chip multiprocessor
Combines two or more processors
Intel Core i7
Intel
Core i7
Summary
Basic Elements
processor, main memory, I/O modules,
system bus
GPUs, SIMD, DSPs, SoC
Instruction execution
o processor-memory, processor-I/O, data
processing, control
Interrupt/Interrupt Processing
Memory Hierarchy
Cache/cache principles and designs
Multiprocessor/multicore