c




  


  

 Fundamentals
ansmissin ines
% Transmission lines are considered to be
impedance matching circuits designed to deliver
power (RF) from the transmitter to the antenna
and maximum signal from the antenna to the
receiver.

% Nowadays, the transmission line is made of

parallel-wire (unbalanced) line and coaxial
(unbalanced) line.

% It consists of 2-wire line since transmission line

for transverse electromagnetic TEM wave
propagation always have 2 conductors.

% The characteristic of Transmission Line are

determined by its electrical properties

c


     c


16 March 2010 2
 Fundamentals
% The parallel-wire line is employed where balanced
properties are required: for instance: in
connecting a folded-dipole antenna to a TV
receiver.

% The coaxial line is used when unbalanced

properties are needed as in the interconnection of
a broadcast transmitter to its grounded antenna.

% It is also employed at UHF and microwave

frequencies to avoid the risk of radiation from the
transmission line itself.

% Parallel lines are never used in microwaves

whereas coaxial lines may be employed for
frequencies up to at least 18GHz.
16 March 2010 3
 esansmissin ines

% Parallel line
% Coaxial Cable
% Open-Wire
% Twin-Lead

16 March 2010 4
 Types of Transmission lines

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16 March 2010 5
 Types of transmission lines
m





 

16 March 2010 6
 Types of transmission lines

c 
 

16 March 2010 7
 dealansmissin ine
% No losses
 conductors have zero resistance
 dielectric has zero conductance
 possible only with superconductors
 approximated by a short line

% No capacitance or inductance
 possible with a real line only at dc
 with low frequencies and short lines this can
be approximated

16 March 2010 8
 ~ The electrical properties determine the Ê
  electrical
constant:
Ú meries esistance,
Ú meries
nductance, L
Ú m unt Capacitance, C
Ú m unt Conductance, G

~ T e combined above parameter is called LUÊ

Ê T m

~ The transmission line characteristic is called mCON 

CONmTNT

~ The secondary constants are:

1. Characteristic Impedance
2. Propagation constant

16 March 2010 9
 Two-wire parallel transmission line
electrical equivalent circuit

16 March 2010 10
 caacteisticmedance
~The characteristic Impedance, Po is defined as :
A transmission line must be terminated at purely
resistive load for maximum power transfer.

~ Po ¬
×
 
M ×

~ Po ¬ M for Low Frequencies
~ Po ¬ c for high Frequencies

~The conductance between 2 wires are determined

by the shunt leakage resistance, Rs

~The load impedance, ZL must match with

characteristic impedance, ZO

16 March 2010 11
 ~ The characteristic impedance can be calculated
by using Ohm¶s Law:
P    

where Eo is source voltage and Io is transmission line

current

~ The characteristic impedance also can be

calculated by its physical dimension:

16 March 2010 12
 Two wire parallel Transmission lines
 






 


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16 March 2010 13
 Coaxial Cable transmission lines
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16 March 2010 14
 ~|
|


Oetermine the characteristic impedance of the
coaxial cable with L¬ 0.118 uH/ft and C ¬ 21 pF/ft.

Solution :

Po ¬  c ¬ a
x








 

a

a


a




 

16 March 2010 15
 Losses in Transmission Lines
% c   


%





















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% 






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%c  









% c  
16 March 2010 16
 Transmission Lines Losses

16 March 2010 17
16 March 2010 18
 Velcitact
% The velocity of light and all other electromagnetic
waves depends on the medium through which
they travel.

% It is nearly 3 x 108 m/s in a vacuum and slower in

all other media.

% The velocity of light in a medium is given by

v ¬ vc / ¥k
where v ¬ velocity in the medium
vc ¬ velocity of light in a vacuum
k ¬ dielectric constant of the medium ( 1
for vacuum and very nearly 1 for air)

16 March 2010 19
 Velcitact
% The velocity factor of a dielectric substance and
thus of a cable is the velocity reduction ratio and
is therefore given by
vf ¬ 1/¥k

% The dielectric constants of materials commonly

used in transmission lines range from about 1.2 to
2.8, giving corresponding velocity factors from 0.9
to 0.6.

16 March 2010 20
 electinceicients
~ It is a vector quantity that represents the ratio
of reflected voltages to incident voltage or
reflected current incident current.
Refer to figure 12.19 for the figure of
incidence wave and reflected wave.

~ It is defined as :
3 ¬


 





z is a normalized impedance

~ 

















 








 




16 March 2010 21
 Reflection Coefficient




3

 

3 ¬



 






 ¬


 


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 ¬





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16 March 2010 22
 Reflection of Pulses



 





 


   × 

 
ë
 



    




 


ë
3¦
3
  ë

16 March 2010 23
 electinceicient

% More complex situation: Load has an arbitrary

impedance
 not equal to P
 not shorted or open
 impedance may be complex (either capacitive
or inductive as well as resistive)
% Method needed to calculate reflected voltage in
these cases

16 March 2010 24
 Õaveagatinn ines
% Start by assuming a matched line

% Waves move down the line at propagation

velocity

% Waves are the same at all points except for phase

% Phase changes 360 degrees in the distance a

wave travels in one period

% This distance is called the wavelength

16 March 2010 25
 ncidentandelectedÕaves

16 March 2010 26
 tandingÕaves
% When an incident wave reflects from a
mismatched load (Z0  ZL), an interference pattern
develops

% Both incident and reflected waves move at the

propagation velocity, but the interference pattern
is stationary

% The interference pattern is called a set of

standing waves

16 March 2010 27
 tandingÕaves

16 March 2010 28
 tanding-Õaveati
% When line is mismatched but neither open nor
shorted, voltage varies along line without ever
falling to zero
% Greater mismatch leads to greater variation
% Voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR or SWR) is
defined as a ratio of the maximum voltage/current
to the minimum voltage/current of a standing
wave of the transmission line
~ often called V  

   V

R

 
R 






 
|



  





16 March 2010 29
 Standing waves
R

 
R 

R
   ×
  × 3 

R   
  3 

× 3
ë

   

3

ë

16 March 2010 30
 tandingÕaveati  Õ
ë
3


3  ë
 ×

~ If there is no reflected wave or signals, then SWR

will be equal to 1 where Zo ¬ ZL
~ If the load is purely resistive, then the SWR will
be:
SWR ¬ Zo / ZL

16 March 2010 31
 ects ig Õ
% High SWR causes voltage peaks on the line that
can damage the line or connected equipment
such as a transmitter

% Current peaks due to high SWR cause losses to

increase

16 March 2010 32
 îuateandalavelengt
lines
% Impedance inversion by quarter-wavelength
Zs s/O
Zo ZL

% Consider figure above which shows a load of

impedance ZL connected to a piece of
transmission line of length s and having Zo as its
characteristic impedance.

Zs ¬ Zo2/ ZL (reflective impedance)

% If the impedances are normalized with respect to

Zo, we have

16 March 2010 33
 % Zs/Zo ¬ Zo/ZL
Where
Zs/Zo ¬ zs
and
ZL/Zo ¬ zL

% we know that zs ¬ 1/ zL ¬ yL

where yL is the normalized admittance of the load.

Ú this equation states that if a quarter-wave

length line is connected to an impedance, then the
normalized input impedance of this line is equal to
the normalized load admittance.
16 March 2010 34
 îuate-Õaveansmeand
imedancematcing
~It used to match transmission line to the purely
resistive load in order to find the shortest
distance to the load (in term of Ê).

~Refer to figure 12-31 for the diagram of the

Quarter-wave transformer.
ÚAt quarter-wavelength (Ê/4), the characteristic
impedance of the transmission line will be
defined as:
P  ¬

16 March 2010 35
 îuate-Õaveansmeand
imedancematcing
~ Condition of Quarter-Wave Transformer:
1. RL ¬ Zo ~ Acts as Transformer for ratio of 1:1
2. RL > Zo ~ Acts as Step down Transformer
3. RL < Zo ~ Acts as Step up Transformer

~ A quarter-wave Transformer is simply one

quarter (Ê/4) long of the transmission line length.

16 March 2010 36
 îuate-Õaveansmeand
imedancematcing
~ |
|
Oetermine the physical length and new
characteristic impedance for the transmission
line of 50x RG-8A/U. Use Quarter-Wave
Transformer to match the 150x load impedance
where the source frequency is 150 MHz and
velocity factor of 1.

16 March 2010 37
 ~ àmà

1. Physical Length:
¼ Ê ¬ ¼ (c/f) ¬ ¼ (3 x108 / 150 x 106)
¬ ë


2. The characteristic impedance is:

P  ¬

sqrt [(50)(150)] ¬


x

 




 




 


 

16 March 2010 38
 eactanceeties 
tubs
~ It is used to remove the reactive parts of the
transmission line in order to obtain the
maximum energy transferred to the load
since purely inductive or capacitive load
absorbs no energy.

~ In order to implement it, a piece of

transmission line is placed across the
primary line as close to the load as possible.

16 March 2010 39
 eactanceeties 
tubs
~ Procedure for Stub Matching is defined
below:
1. Calculate the load admittance

2. Calculate stub susceptance

3. Connect stub to the load, the resulting

admittance being the load conductance G.
4. Transform conductance to resistance, and
calculate Zo¶ of the quarter-wave transformer
as before.

16 March 2010 40
 ~ | |c|

A (200 + j75)ȍ load is to be matched to a 300

ȍ line to give SWR ¬ 1. Calculate:

1. Reactance of the stub

2. the characteristic impedance of the quarter-

wave transformer,

both connected directly to the load.

- See the solution as given in the handouts.

16 March 2010 41
 ~ We need to model the transmission line due to
the following reasons:

Ú Propagation Line (Phase Shift)

Ú Reflected Signals or Waves
Ú Power Loss
Ú Oispersion

16 March 2010 42
 mitcat
~ Smith Chart is a tool used to determine the
matched c or c for
the lossless transmission line.

~ Smith Chart consists of the following:

Ú The outer section of the Smith Chart is refer

to the distance of wavelength towards
generator (source) and load.
Ú Clockwise rotation ~ movement towards
generator
Ú Counterclockwise rotation ~ movement
towards load
Ú The scale for the wavelength is from 0 ¬> 0.5Ê

16 March 2010 43
 ~ The body of Smith Chart consists of the following:

Ú Body of smith chart is made of families of orthogonal

circles (intersect at right angles).

Ú The impedance or admittance at any point on the line

can be plotted by find the intersection of the real
component (resistance or conductance) indicated in
the along horizontal axis with the imaginary
component (reactance or susceptance).

Ú Counterclockwise rotation ~ movement towards load

Ú The scale for the wavelength is from 0 ¬> 0.5Ê

16 March 2010 44
 Ú The top half of the smith chart is referring to the
positive Inductive Reactance 
P  & Capacitive
Susceptance 
 

Ú The bottom half of the smith chart is referring to

the negative Capacitive reactance 
P  &
Inductive Susceptance 
 

Ú 









c












  







P 

c  



 

16 March 2010 45
 mitcat imlediagam

16 March 2010 46
16 March 2010 47
 ~ The impedance & admittance value in the Smith
Chart is often expressed in term of normalized,
 P  P
~ |
|


Plot the impedance of 100 + j25 x on a 50 x line.

Solution :
1. Normalized the impedance by:
z ¬ (100 + j25) / 50 ¬ 2 + j0.5
2. Use Smith Chart to plot the normalize
impedance.
3. Since the value of impedance is positive, find the
point of the plot on the upper side of smith chart and
find the value of resistance (2) and reactance (0.5)
and then draw the circle.
4. The radius of the circle is called SWR (Standing
Wave
Ratio) of the line.
16 March 2010 48
 c 

Plot the following impedance in the smith chart if

the characteristic impedance is 50 x.
i) 50 + j75 x

ii) 150 + j75 x

16 March 2010 49
 ~ |
|


Oetermine the input impedance and SWR for
the 1.25Ê long transmission line where the
characteristic impedance, Zo ¬ 50 x and load
impedance, ZL¬ 30 + j40x.

16 March 2010 50
 Ô àmà
à
|
|

1. Find the normalized impedance,
z ¬ (30 + j40)/50 ¬ 0.6 + j0.8

2. Plot the normalized impedance and

determine the SWR.
SWR ¬ 2.9

3. Find the wavelength from normalized

impedance and rotate it by 1.25Ê
the distance required is 0.37Ê.
draw the intersection line to determine the input
impedance,
P
¬
ë

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aa ë
¬


 

16 March 2010 51
 ~ |
|









A load impedance, ZL ¬ 75 + j50x to match
the 50x source with a quarter-wave
transformer.

16 March 2010 52
 Ô àmà
à
|
|

1. Find the normalized impedance,
z ¬ (75 + j50)/50 ¬ 




2. Plot the normalized impedance and

determine the SWR.

¬


~ labeled as point C

3. Label it as point A and then extend the line to

determine the distance from the load:
ë
Ê ~ labeled as point B

16 March 2010 53
 




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 ëÊ








 

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16 March 2010 54
 ~ | |c|

Oetermine the SWR, Characteristic of
Quarter-Wave Transformer and the distance
to match the 75 x transmission line to the
load impedance of 25-j50 x.

16 March 2010 55