Basic Principles of Power Generation

PRINCIPLES OF POWER
GENERATION

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 1
 Power Generating Methods
• Steam turbines
• Gas turbines
• Nuclear reactors
• Hydro plants
• Diesel engines
• Tidal Wave
• Wind turbines
• Co-generation
– power generation & processes
• Fuel cells
– Using a variety of chemicals

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 2
 Major Generating Stations in
TE WA
(6 4 MW)
2 x 3 4 MW GT
Peninsular Malaysia
G LGR
(1 1 0 MW)
1 x 1 1 0 MW GT P ERG AU 4 x1 5 0 MW P AKA LE GE ND
BE RSIA 3 x2 3 MW
(1 1 1 3 MW)
TE MEN GO R P OWER STAT IO N
P RAI 3 x 2 8 4 MW C C
(3 6 0 MW) KE NE RIN G 4 x8 2 MW Hy d r o
3 x3 6 MW 1 x 2 6 1 MW C C
3 x 1 2 0 MW CON V S G. PIAH U PP ER KE NYIR 4 x1 0 0 MW TN B
CH END ERO H 2 x7 . 3 MW
3 x1 0 MW IPP
S GRI 1 x8 MW YTL PAKA
(1 3 0 3 MW)
(8 3 4 MW)
2 x 6 5 1 .5 MW CC
2 x 4 1 7 MW C C
P KLG J OR 4 x 2 5 MW
(1 5 8 4 MW) WOH 3 x 5 0 MW
4 x 3 0 0 MW CON V O DAK 3 x1 . 4 MW SOUTH CHINA
3 x 1 1 0 MW GT YTL PG
2 x 2 7 MW GT SEA
(4 1 7 MW)
S RDG
CBP S 1 x 4 1 7 MW C C
(8 8 4 MW) (6 1 0 MW)

1 x 3 0 0 MW CC 2 x 1 1 0 MW G T P GP S
4 x 1 3 0 MW GT 3 x 1 3 0 MW G T
2 x 3 4 MW GT (7 8 9 MW)
2 x 1 2 0 MW C ONV
P DPW 1 x 2 6 1 MW C C
(4 4 0 MW) G SYN
(7 1 0 MW) 2 x 1 1 0 MW G T
4 x 1 1 0 MW G T
1 x7 1 0 MW CC 2 x 3 4 MW GT
TJ P S
(3 3 0 MW)
2 x 5 7 MW CON V
2 x 5 5 MW CON V No te :
3 x 1 2 0 MW C ONV CC - Co m b in e d Cyc le
MCCA
(3 3 0 MW) G T - Ga s Tu r b in e
P WT K CO NV - Co n ve n tio n a l Th e r ma l
Basic Principles
(4 4 0 MW) of Power 1 x 3 3 0 MW C C
Generation
4 x 1 1 0 MW G T Page 3
De s ig n b y Zu l
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 4
 Principles of Plant Operation
• Modern power station (bigger output capacity)
– Based load operation
• Intermediate power plant (smaller units)
– ‘top up’ load demand
• Gas turbine, oil fired & or hydro plant
– Peak load demand
– Rapid response to load demand
– High cost operation
• Wind turbine, wave
• Control system frequency

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 5
 Principles of Power Generation

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 6
 Steam Plant Major Components
• Boiler & its auxiliaries
– Combustion system
• Combustion air & flue gas system
• Fuel system
– Feedwater system
• Turbine & its auxiliaries
– Steam systems (main & reheat steam)
– Cooling system (condenser, bearing, generator etc)
– Condensate system
– Turbine bearing lubricating oil system

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 7
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 8
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 9
 Steam Turbine Power Generation

• Power generating concept

– Steam (heat energy)  mechanical energy (rotational
energy) electrical energy
• Steam (superheated) is produced in boiler (steam
generator).
• Undergoing several processes
• Rotate turbine
• Generator
• Produce electrical load.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 10
 M AINGRIDIN
PENINSULARM ALAYSIA
LANG
KAWI
PERLIS
Chuping

Kuah
Kangar
Kota
Bharu
N
Alor
KotaS
etar
Setar
KEDAH
YAN Gurun TanahMerah
Bedong
PERGAU
PRAI
Georgetown Bukit Tengah
BERSIA
TEMENGOR Kuala
PULAUPINANG Terengganu
Junjung
GELUGOR Bukit Tambun KENERING KELANTAN
SGPIAHUPPER
SGP IAHLOWER KENYIR
CHENDEROH
KualaKangsar
TERENGGANU
PERAK PAKA
Ipoh

Papan YTL
BatuGajah
SEGARI JOR TelokKalong
AyerTawar
WOH
JANAMANJUNG ODAK

PAHANG Kuantan

Bukit Tarek
KgAwah
SELANGOR
KL(E
)
KL(N) WILAYAH
KAPAR Shah PERSEKUTUAN
AlamKL(S)
CONNAU GHT SERDANG
HicomG
BRIDGE Lenggeng
NEGERISEMBILAN
GENTING S
alakTinggi
SAN YEN Seremban
Legend PD
POWERPO R T
D ICKSO N
HydroPower S
tation
PO W ERTEK MELAKA
Melaka
Thermal P
ower S
tation MELAKA Melaka
YongPeng(E)

StateCapital
YongPeng(N) JOHOR S
edili

Major TNBS
ubstation

Bukit Batu
Exis
ting Planne
d

5
00k
VOve
rheadL
ine Johor YTL
Scudai Bahru
3
00k
VHVDCL
ine

2
75k
VOve
rheadL
ine
PASIR
GUDANG
2
75k
VCab
le

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 11
 Steam Cycle

• A boiler generates steam (high temp. & press)

• Steam expands in the turbine, producing work.
• Drive generator
• Condenser cools the steam
• Pumped into the boiler ( using boiler feed pump)
• Flow through feedwater heaters (preheat boiler water)
• Reheat steam (to increase steam temp.)

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 12
 Basic Steam Cycle

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 13
 Basic Rankine Cycle

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 14
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 15
 Types of turbine
• Shaft Arrangements
– Tandem compound
– Cross compound
• Pressure
– High press., Intermediate press. & Low press.
• Blading
– Impulse (HP turbine blade)
– Reaction (LP blade)
• Exhaust
– Extraction
• Electric power & process
– Condensing

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 16
 Mitsubishi’s 1,000MW -class steam
CROSS COMPOUND turbines define high-temperature, high-
TURBINE pressure, high-output performance.
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 17
 TANDEM COMPOUND
TURBINE
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 18
 SINGLE SHAFT
TURBINE

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 19
 SINGLE SHAFT
TURBINE
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 20
 Power Generating Plant

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 21
 X-section of a steam turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 22
 ST HP Rotor

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 23
 ST IP Rotor

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 24
 LP Rotor

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 25
 Tandem
Compound
Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 26
 Steam turbine operation principles
• Impulse turbine
– The steam press decreases (at nozzle)[first stage]
– Press constant (at fixed & rotating blades)
– The enthalpy of the steam decreases
– The steam velocity increases (at nozzle)
– The volume of the steam increases
• Reaction turbine
– Steam press decreases
– Velocity increases at fixed blades
– Velocity decreases at rotating blades

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 27
 Condensing Turbines
• Straight-condensing turbines
are advantageous, especially
when large quantities of a
reliable power source are
required or an inexpensive
fuel, such as process by-
product gas, is readily
available. To improve plant
thermal efficiency, steam is
usually extracted from the
intermediate stage of the
turbine for feedwater heating.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 28
 Extraction-Condensing Turbines
• Extraction-condensing turbines
generate both process steam
and stable electric power.
Process steam, at one or more
fixed pressures, can be
automatically extracted as
needed. This type of turbine
has the flexibility to satisfy
wide variations of process
steam at a constant pressure
and to meet electric power
demands

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 29
 Back-Pressure Turbines
• Back-pressure turbines can be
used when a large quantity of
process steam is required. The
turbine exhaust steam is
supplied to the process and the
electric output is dependent on
the demand for the process
steam. These turbines can also
be used as top turbines to
supply exhaust steam to
existing units; this improves
the entire plant's thermal
efficiency.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 30
 Extraction Back-Pressure Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 31
 • Extraction back-pressure turbines can be
used when two or more kinds of process
steam are required. High-pressure steam is
supplied through the extraction openings
and low-pressure steam is supplied through
as the turbine exhaust. Electric output is
dependent on the demand for process
steam.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 32
 Mixed-Pressure Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 33
 • Mixed-pressure turbines are driven by two
or more kinds of steam admitted
independently to the turbine. In applying
duel heat sources, the optimum steam
condition for each source can be selected.
This type of turbine can also be used to
combine an existing boiler and a new
boiler, which makes it an effective means
of improving plant thermal efficiency.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 34
 Geared Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 35
 Geared Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 36
 • Geared turbines can be applied to smaller
power generation units of up to around 40
MW. Compared with direct-coupled turbines,
geared turbines have many advantages:
• Higher efficiency
Easier operation and maintenance
Smaller initial investment
Smaller space requirement
Shorter delivery time

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 37
 Single-Cylinder Reheat Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 38
 • Traditionally, non-reheat turbines have been used for
industrial applications. Recent demands, however, for
higher efficiency and larger unit capacity call for reheat
turbines in this field. Taking these demands into
consideration, we have developed single-cylinder reheat
turbines that are applicable to the 75 MW to 200 MW
range. Single-cylinder reheat turbines offer
• Smaller space requirements
Shorter construction and erection periods
Easier operation and maintenance
Shorter overhaul periods
Smaller initial investments

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 39
 Two-Cylinder Reheat Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 40
 • Two-cylinder reheat turbines can be used
when a very high efficiency is required for
steam turbines larger than 75 MW

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 41
 LP TURBINE ROTOR
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 42
 Gas Turbine

• Methods of Gas Turbine power generation

– Open Cycle
– Combined Cycle

• Two types of Gas Turbine

– Industrial Gas Turbine
– Derivative Gas Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 43
 Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Power Plant

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 44
 HRSG

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 45
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 46
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 47
 DERIVATIVE GAS TURBINE
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 48
 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 49
 INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 50
 CCGT

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 51
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 52
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 53
 GT Main Components

• Compressor
• Combustor
– Silo (Single or Twin Silo)
– Annular
– Can Annular
• Turbine
• Exhaust

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 54
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 55
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 56
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 57
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 58
 Derivative Gas Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 59
 ABB GT13E2

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 60
 ABB GT11N2

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 61
 GT:
Compressor &
Turbine Blade
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 62
 Can Annular Combustor

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 63
 Annular Combustor

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 64
 Hydro Power Generation

• Types of Hydro Generation

– Dam
– Run of river
– Pump storage

Run of River

Hydro Dam
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 65
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 66
 Types of Hydropower Plants
• Run-of-river plants
• These plants use little, if any, stored water to provide water
flow through the turbines. Although some plants store a day
or week's worth of water, weather changes especially
seasonal changes cause run-of-river plants to experience
significant fluctuations in power output.

• Storage plants
• These plants have enough storage capacity to off-set seasonal
fluctuations in water flow and provide a constant supply of
electricity throughout the year. Large dams can store several
years worth of water.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 67
 • Pumped Storage

• In contrast to conventional hydropower plants, pumped

storage plants reuse water. After water initially produces
electricity, it flows from the turbines into a lower
reservoir located below the dam. During off-peak hours
(periods of low energy demand), some of the water is
pumped into an upper reservoir and reused during periods
of peak-demand.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 68
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 69
 Hydro
Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 70
 Micro Hydro Systems

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 71
 How Hydropower Works

• Hydropower converts the energy in flowing water into

electricity.
• The quantity of electricity generated is determined by the
volume of water flow and the amount of "head" (the
height from turbines in the power plant to the water
surface) created by the dam.
• The greater the flow and head, the more electricity
produced.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 72
 • A typical hydropower plant includes a dam, reservoir,
penstocks (pipes), a powerhouse and an electrical power
substation.
• The dam stores water and creates the head
• Penstocks carry water from the reservoir to turbines
inside the powerhouse
• The water rotates the turbines, which drive generators
that produce electricity.
• The electricity is then transmitted to a substation where
transformers increase voltage to allow transmission to
homes, businesses and factories

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 73
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 74
 Francis Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 75
 Hydro plant main systems

• Main Intake (Water reservoir)

• Penstock
• Spiral Casing
• Inlet Guide Vane
• Turbine
• Draft
• Tailrace
• Generator

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 76
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 77
 Pergau
Francis
Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 78
 Tailrace

Spillway Penstock
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 79
 Francis

Pelton

Francis
Kaplan
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 80
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 81
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 82
 Spiral Casing

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 83
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 84
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 85
 Diesel Engine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 86
 Diesel Engine

• Two basic types

– Otto cycle (constant volume)
– Diesel cycle (constant pressure)

• Used for small output generating capacity.

– Remote areas
• Industrial & trailer mounted.
– For emergency & stand-by
– Black start unit

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 87
 1.2 MW Diesel Generator
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 88
 diesel power plant, for the 3-15 MW range
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 89
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 90
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 91
 Wind Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 92
 Tidal Wave Power Generation

Basic Principles of Power

Generation Page 93
Basic Principles of Power
Generation Page 94