Chapter 9

FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM
COMPONETS
April 2007
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FIS
FEATURES OF MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS

CORE:
SUPPORT:
BOUNDARY:
FUZZIFICATION
Use crisp inputs from the user.
Determine membership values for all the relevant classes

(i.e., in right Universe of Discourse).
EXAMPLE - FUZZIFICATION
FUZZIFICATION OF HEIGHT
MEMBERSHIP FUCNTIONS
FUZZIFICATION OF WEIGHT
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METHODS OF MEMBERSHIP VALUE

ASSIGNMENT
The various methods of assigning membership values are:
Intuition, [understanding by its seeing]
Inference, [ Imagination]
Rank ordering,
Angular fuzzy sets,
Neural networks,
Genetic algorithm,
Inductive reasoning.
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Angular Fuzzy Sets

Angular Fuzzy sets are defined on a universe
of angles with 2 as cycle.
The truth values of the linguistic variable are
represented by angular fuzzy sets
If truth the MV is -1
If false the MV is- 0
In b/w 0-1 the values is partially true or false
Ex: PH value of waste water
Neutral[7] =0
EB & EA =90/2 & -90/2
VB &MB [7-14] 0 &90/2..
VA & MB..[0-7]
- 0 &-90/2.
The linguistic values

memberships are
vary
with
and
their
t() = t tan()
Where t= angular projection of radial vector
Angular Fuzzy sets are useful for situations:
Having a natural basis in polar coordinates, or the
variable
is cyclic.
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Neural Networks
We have the data sets for inputs and outputs, the
relationship between I/O may be highly nonlinear or
not known.
We can classify them into different fuzzy classes.
Training
R1 Testing
R2
R3
Then, the output may not only be 0

or 1!
Neural Networks
R1
0.2
R2
0.7
R3
0.1
memberships
Once the neural network is trained and

tested, it can be used to find the
membership of any other data points in
the fuzzy classes (# of outputs)
Genetic Algorithms
Crossover
Mutation
Reproduction
Chromosomes
Fitness Function
Stop (terminate conditions)
Converge
Reach the #limit
random selection
Inductive Reasoning
Deriving a general consensus from the particular
(from specific to generic)
The induction is performed by the entropy
minimization principle, which clusters most
optimally the parameters corresponding to the
output classes.
The method can be useful for complete systems
where the data are abundant and static.
The intent of induction is to discover a law having
objective validity and universal application.
Inductive Reasoning
The membership functions using inductive
reasoning are generated as follow
1.A fuzzy threshold is to be established
between classes of data
2.Using entropy minimization screening
method, first determine the threshold line
3.Then start the segmentation process
4. Again partitioning the first two classes one

more time , we obtain three different
classes
5. Again partitioning the first two classes one
more time , we obtain three different
classes
6. The partitioning is repeated with threshold
value calculation, which lead us to partition
the data set into a number of classes or
fuzzy sets
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DEFUZZIFICATION
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DEFUZZIFICATION
Defuzzification is a mapping process from a space of fuzzy

control actions defined over an output universe of
discourse into a space of crisp (nonfuzzy) control actions.
Defuzzification is a process of converting output fuzzy

variable into a unique number.
Defuzzification process has the capability to reduce a fuzzy

set into a crisp single-valued quantity or into a crisp set; to
convert a fuzzy matrix into a crisp matrix; or to convert a
fuzzy number into a crisp number.
METHODS OF DEFUZZIFICATION
Defuzzification is the process of conversion of a fuzzy quantity
into a precise quantity. Defuzzification methods include:
Max-membership principle,
Centroid method,
Weighted average method,
Mean-max membership,
Center of sums,
Center of largest area,
First of maxima, last of maxima.
FUZZY DECISION
MAX MEMBERSHIP METHOD
Fuzzy set with the largest membership value is selected.

Fuzzy decision: Fn = {P, F. G, VG, E}
Fn = {0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0}
Final decision (FD) = Poor Student
If two decisions have same membership max, use the
average of the two.
CENTROID METHOD
This method is also known as center-of-mass, center-of-area,
or center-of-gravity method. It is the most commonly used
defuzzification method. The defuzzified output x* is defined as
where the symbol denotes an algebraic

integration.
x*
WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD

(Only valid for symmetrical output membership functions)
MEAN MAX MEMBERSHIP METHOD
CENTER OF SUMS
Center of sums Method
Faster than any defuzzification method
Involves algebraic sum of individual output fuzzy
sets, instead of their union
Drawback: intersecting areas are added twice.
n
k 1
k 1
C z dz
~k
C z dz
~k
It is similar to the weighted average method, but

the weights are the areas, instead of individual
membership values.
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CENTER OF LARGEST AREA

This method can be adopted when the output consists of at
least two convex fuzzy subsets which are not overlapping. The
output in this case is biased towards a side of one
membership function. When output fuzzy set has at least two
convex regions then the center-of-gravity of the convex fuzzy
subregion having the largest area is used to obtain the
defuzzified value x*. This value is given by
where
is the convex subregion that has the largest area
making up
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FIRST OF MAXIMA (LAST OF MAXIMA)

The steps used for obtaining crisp values are as follows:
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FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FIS

FEATURES OF MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS

Use crisp inputs from the user.

Determine membership values for all the relevant classes

METHODS OF MEMBERSHIP VALUE

Angular Fuzzy Sets

The linguistic values

Then, the output may not only be 0

Once the neural network is trained and

4. Again partitioning the first two classes one

Defuzzification is a mapping process from a space of fuzzy

Defuzzification is a process of converting output fuzzy

Defuzzification process has the capability to reduce a fuzzy

MAX MEMBERSHIP METHOD

Fuzzy set with the largest membership value is selected.

where the symbol denotes an algebraic

WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD

MEAN MAX MEMBERSHIP METHOD

It is similar to the weighted average method, but

CENTER OF LARGEST AREA

FIRST OF MAXIMA (LAST OF MAXIMA)

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