Curs 3 Engleza

Aromatic hydrocarbons
- substances made from

carbon and hydrogen, in their
structure being one ore more
benzene nucleus.
Kekule structure
Structure based
on quantum
mechanic theory
Confirm that:
Explain:
- ration between number of C and H - equivalence of the 6 carbon
atoms is 1:1, benzene having ring with 6
atoms
atoms
- delocalization of electrons by
- in the ring exist 3 double bonds
forming an molecular orbital
- those 6 hydrogen atoms are equivalent - existence
of the aromatic
between them
character that has preference
- adition
has place with energetic
for substitutions reactions
reactions
instead of addition and
Cant explain that:
oxidation reactions.
- benzene
gives easy substitution
reactions
- is very stable at oxidation
- is not polymerizing
- exist only 3 compounds substitute: orto,
meta, para
- all bonds are equal.
Mononucleare
CH3
H3C CH CH3
CH3
CH3
benzen
toluen
orto-xilen
izopropilbenzen
Polinucleare
difenil
naftalina
antracen
Chemical properties
Reactions at nucleus
Substitutions reactions
Additions reactions
Oxidation reactions
Reactions at side chain
Substitutions reactions
Additions reactions
Oxidation reactions
I order substituents which orientates

substitution in ortho and para, for
example: -Cl, -Br, -OH, -NH2
II order substituents which orientates

subsequent substitution in meta, for
example: - NO2, -COOH, -CHO, -SO3H
Compounds with simple functions

compusi halogenati
Compusi cu grupare
functionala monovalenta
R-X
alcooli
R -OH
fenoli
Ar - OH
compusi hidroxilici
amine
R - NH 2
Compusi organici
cu functiuni
simple
Compusi cu grupare
functionala divalenta
aldehide R C
compusi carbonilici
H
cetone
R C
O
Compusi cu grupare
functionala trivalenta
acizi carboxilici
R C
O
OH
Halogenated compounds
Contain in their molecule a halogen atom combined through
covalence by a organic radical, and the general formula is R-X
where X represent halogen atom (fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine).
Cl
CH3 C CH3
Cl
2,2 - diclorpropan
compus dihalogenat
geminal
CH3 CH CH2
Cl
Cl
1,2-diclorpropan
compus dihalogenat
vicinal
Chemical properties
Halogenated compounds are extremely reactive

due to polarization of the carbon-halogen bond
a. Hydrolyzing reactions
b. Reaction with alkaline cyanides
c. Reaction with ammonia
d. Reaction with hydro acids elimination
e. Reaction with magnesium
Hydroxyl compound
organic
substances that contain in

their molecule the hydroxyl group (OH) attached to an alkyl group (alcohol,
with general formula R-OH) or to an
aromatic one (fenols, with general formula
Ar-OH).
Alcohols
CH3 OH
metanol
CH3 CH2 OH
etanol
CH3 CH2 CH2 OH

propanol
Classification
after
radical nature
after
number of functional groups
after
carbon atom nature
Chemical properties
Are determine by the presence of hydroxyl
group in the alcohols structure
Reaction with alkaline metals
Esterification reaction
Elimination of intra and intermolecular water
oxidation reactions
Phenols
monohidroxilici
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
OH
OH
fenol
polihidroxilici
orto-crezol
OH
meta-crezol
OH
para-crezol
OH
OH
OH
hidrochinona
rezorcina
Chemical properties
Reactions determine by hydroxyl group
acidity
esterification reaction
Reactions determine by aromatic

nucleus
Hydrogenation
Amines
contain in their structure amino functional groups,
-NH2, that confer an basic character.
CH3 NH2
C2H5 NH CH3
metilamina
etil-metilamina
C6H5 N
CH3
CH3
fenil-dimetilamina
alifatice
dupa natura
radicalului
R NH2
aromatice Ar
NH2
mixte R NH Ar
primare
Clasificare
R N
H
R`
secundare R N
dupa gradul
de substituire
tertiare
R`
R N
saruri cuaternare
de amoniu
R``
+
R`
R N
R``
R```
dupa numarul
gruparilor
functionale
monoamine C6H5 NH2 fenilamina

diamine
poliamine
CH2 CH2
NH2 NH2
etilendiamina
Chemical properties
Amines basicity
Alkylation reaction
Acylation reaction
Carbonyl compounds
contain in their structure an carbonyl

functional group, where a carbon atom in
sp2 hybridization type is double bond with
a oxygen atom:
C O
carbonyl group
R
C O
C O
H
aldehida
R
cetona
H
C O
H
H
C O
CH3
C O
CH3
metanal
etanal
(aldehid formic) (aldehid acetic)
CH2
propanal
(aldehid propionic)
CH3
CH3
C O
CH3
propanon
(dimetilceton)
C O
CH3
CH2
butanon
(etil-metil ceton)
Chemical properties
Aldehyds and cetones

common reactions
reactions (H2,
HCl, HCN)
Condensation reactions
(amines, phenols,
carbonyl compounds
between them)
Aldehyds common
reactions
Adition
Oxidation
reactions
(O2, [O],
Ag(NH3)2OH)
Carboxyl compounds
Have in their structure a carboxyl group
attached to a hydrocarbon radical, and the
general formula is:
R C O
OH
H C O
OH
acid metan oic
acid formic
CH3
C O
OH
acid etanoic
acid acetic
CH3
CH2
C O
OH
acid propanoic
acid propionic
saturati
dupa natura
radicalului
nesaturati
aromatici
Clasificarea
acizilor
dupa numarul
de grupari
-COOH
monocarboxilici
policarboxilici
Chemical properties
Ionization in watery solution
esterification
reaction
reaction with ammonia
Functional compounds of
organic acids
R C
R C
O
O
O
O
R C
R C
R`
O
anhidrida
ester
R C
amida
O
NH2
O
Cl
clorura acida
R C N
nitril

Curs 3 Engleza

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Curs 3 Engleza

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Curs 3 Engleza

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aromatic hydrocarbons

- substances made from

Reactions at side chain

I order substituents which orientates

II order substituents which orientates

Compounds with simple functions

Halogenated compounds are extremely reactive

substances that contain in

CH3 CH2 CH2 OH

number of functional groups

carbon atom nature

Reaction with alkaline metals

Elimination of intra and intermolecular water

Reactions determine by hydroxyl group

Reactions determine by aromatic

monoamine C6H5 NH2 fenilamina

contain in their structure an carbonyl

Aldehyds and cetones

Ionization in watery solution

reaction with ammonia

You might also like