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    6 Supercharging and Turbocharging

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    Arsalan Ahmad
    Mechanical supercharging, turbocharging, and pressure wave supercharging are the three basic methods of increasing air density entering an engine cylinder. Turbocharging uses a turbine driven by the engine's exhaust gases to drive a compressor that increases the pressure of the air entering the engine. Dimensionless groups are used to describe turbocharger performance, with the most important variables being mass flow rate, isentropic efficiency, and temperature difference, which depend on factors like inlet pressure and temperature, rotational speed, and geometry. Turbocharger performance is illustrated using compressor and turbine maps that show operating lines at constant exhaust gas temperatures.

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    6 Supercharging and Turbocharging

    Uploaded by

    Arsalan Ahmad
    110 views32 pages
    Mechanical supercharging, turbocharging, and pressure wave supercharging are the three basic methods of increasing air density entering an engine cylinder. Turbocharging uses a turbine driven by the engine's exhaust gases to drive a compressor that increases the pressure of the air entering the engine. Dimensionless groups are used to describe turbocharger performance, with the most important variables being mass flow rate, isentropic efficiency, and temperature difference, which depend on factors like inlet pressure and temperature, rotational speed, and geometry. Turbocharger performance is illustrated using compressor and turbine maps that show operating lines at constant exhaust gas temperatures.

    Original Description:

    Internal Combustion Engines by John B. Heywood (Lecture Slides)

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    Mechanical supercharging, turbocharging, and pressure wave supercharging are the three basic methods of increasing air density entering an engine cylinder. Turbocharging uses a turbine driven by the engine's exhaust gases to drive a compressor that increases the pressure of the air entering the engine. Dimensionless groups are used to describe turbocharger performance, with the most important variables being mass flow rate, isentropic efficiency, and temperature difference, which depend on factors like inlet pressure and temperature, rotational speed, and geometry. Turbocharger performance is illustrated using compressor and turbine maps that show operating lines at constant exhaust gas temperatures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    110 views32 pages

    6 Supercharging and Turbocharging

    Uploaded by

    Arsalan Ahmad
    Mechanical supercharging, turbocharging, and pressure wave supercharging are the three basic methods of increasing air density entering an engine cylinder. Turbocharging uses a turbine driven by the engine's exhaust gases to drive a compressor that increases the pressure of the air entering the engine. Dimensionless groups are used to describe turbocharger performance, with the most important variables being mass flow rate, isentropic efficiency, and temperature difference, which depend on factors like inlet pressure and temperature, rotational speed, and geometry. Turbocharger performance is illustrated using compressor and turbine maps that show operating lines at constant exhaust gas temperatures.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 32

    6

    TOPIC

    Supercharging
    and
    turbocharging
    Chapter 6
    Section 6.8

    Methods of power boosting


    Term supercharging refers to increasing the air (or mixture)
    density by increasing its pressure prior to entering the
    engine cylinder
    Three basic methods of supercharging:
    mechanical supercharging
    turbocharging
    pressure wave supercharging

    We consider operating characteristics of turbines and


    compressors

    Mechanical supercharging

    Turbocharging

    Engine-driven compressor and


    turbocharger

    Two-stage turbocharging

    Turbocharging with turbocompounding

    Turbocharger with intercooler

    Centrifugal compressor

    Basic relationships
    Energy balance
    2
    2

    C
    C
    &
    &
    Q W m& h
    gz h
    gz
    2
    2

    out
    in

    Stagnation properties

    h0 h
    Work transfer rate

    C
    ,
    2

    T0 T

    C
    ,
    2c p

    W& m& h0 ,out h0 ,in

    T
    p0 p 0
    T

    Compressor isentropic efficiency


    reversible power requirement
    C
    actual power requirement
    Total-to-total isentropic efficiency

    CTT

    h02 s h01

    h02 h01

    With constant cp

    CTT

    p02 p01 1

    T02 T01 1

    Compressor isentropic efficiency


    Since kinetic energy of the gas leaving
    the compressor is not usually
    recovered, a more realistic definition of
    efficiency is based on exit static
    conditions

    CTS

    T2 s T01 p2 p01 1

    T02 T01
    T02 T01 1

    This is termed the total-to-static


    isentropic efficiency

    Power required to drive compressor


    Thermodynamic power requirement:
    in terms of total-to-total isentropic efficiency

    W&C m&i c p ,i T02 T01

    m&i c p ,iT01 p02

    CTT p01

    in terms of total-to-static isentropic efficiency

    W&C m&i c p ,i T02 T01

    m&i c p ,iT01 p2

    CT S
    p01

    Power required to drive compressor

    &
    W
    W&C , D C
    m

    Schematic of radial flow turbine

    Turbine isentropic efficiency


    actual power output
    T
    reversible power output
    Total-to-total isentropic efficiency

    TTT

    h03 h04

    h03 h04 s

    With constant cp

    TTT

    1 T04 T03
    1 p04 p03

    Note: cp for exhaust gas may vary


    significantly with temperature

    Turbine isentropic efficiency


    Since kinetic energy at the exit of the
    turbocharger is usually wasted, a more
    realistic definition of efficiency is based
    on exit static conditions

    TTS

    1 T04 T03
    T03 T04

    1
    T03 T4 s
    1 p4 p03

    This is termed the total-to-static


    isentropic efficiency

    Power delivered by the turbine


    In terms of total-to-total isentropic efficiency

    W&T m&e c p ,eTTT T03 1 p04 p03

    e 1
    e

    In terms of total-to-static isentropic efficiency

    W&T m&e c p ,eTTS T03 1 p4 p03

    e 1
    e

    With a turbocharger, turbine is mechanically linked to compressor.


    Hence, at constant turbocharger speed

    W&C mW&T
    where m is the mechanical efficiency of turbocharger. It is usually
    combined with the turbine efficiency

    Dimensionless groups used to describe


    turbocharger performance
    & , isentropic
    Most important dependent variables are mass flow rate m
    efficiency , and temperature difference across the machine T0
    Each of these are functions of independent variables

    m&, , T0 f p0 ,in , p0 ,out , T0,in , N , D, R , ,


    By dimensional analysis, these eight independent variables can be
    reduced to four dimensionless groups

    m& RT0 ,in


    p0 ,in D 2

    T0
    , ,
    f

    T0 ,in

    p0 ,out m&
    ND
    ,
    ,
    ,
    RT0 ,in p0 ,in D

    Dimensionless groups used to describe


    turbocharger performance
    Reynolds number has little effect on performance and is fixed by the
    gas, therefore they can be omitted
    For a particular device, dimensions are fixed and value of R is fixed. So, it
    is convenient to plot

    m& T0 ,in
    p0 ,in

    m& T0,in
    p0 ,in

    T0
    , ,
    f

    T0 ,in

    is corrected mass flow,

    T0 ,in

    p0 ,out

    ,
    p0 ,in

    N
    T0,in

    is corrected speed

    Schematic of compressor operating map

    Centrifugal compressor operating map

    Radial turbine performance map

    Radial turbine performance map

    Characteristics
    of turbocharger

    Steady-state turbocharger
    operating lines plotted as
    constant T03 /T01 lines on
    compressor map.

    dash-dot-dash line is for p03 = p02


    to the left

    p03 < p02

    to the right

    p03 > p02

    Thats all for


    today

    For those who


    wants to know
    more

    Centrifugal compressor

    Positive displacement compressors

    h-s diagram for


    flow through
    centrifugal
    compressor

    Velocity diagrams

    Schematic of radial flow turbine

    h-s and velocity


    diagrams for radial
    turbine

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