Induction Motor

By
Ashvani Shukla
Manager(C&I)
BGR ENERGY

 INTRODUCTION
One of the most common electrical motor used in most applications which
is known as induction motor. This motor is also called as
asynchronous motor because it runs at a speed less than synchronous
speed. In this, we need to define what is synchronous speed. Synchronous
speed is the speed of rotation of the magnetic field in a rotary machine
and it depends upon the frequency and number poles of the machine. An
induction motor always runs at a speed less than synchronous speed
because the rotating magnetic field which is produced in the stator will
generate flux in the rotor which will make the rotor to rotate, but due to
the lagging of flux current in the rotor with flux current in the stator, the
rotor will never reach to its rotating magnetic field speed i.e. the
synchronous speed. There are basically two types of induction motor
that depend upon the input supply - single phase induction motor and
three phase induction motor . Single phase induction motor is not a self
starting motor which we will discuss later and
three phase induction motor is a self-starting motor. Now in general we
need to give two supply i.e. double excitation to make a machine to
rotate. For example if we consider a DC motor, we will give one supply to
the stator and another to the rotor through brush arrangement.

 Working Principle of Induction Motor

But in induction motor we give only one supply, so it is really
interesting to know that how it works. It is very simple, from the name
itself we can understand that there is induction process occurred.
Actually when we are giving the supply to the stator winding, flux will
generate in the coil due to flow of current in the coil. Now the rotor
winding is arranged in such a way that it becomes short circuited in the
rotor itself. The flux from the stator will cut the coil in the rotor and
since the rotor coils are short circuited, according to
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction , current will start flowing in
the coil of the rotor. When the current will flow, another flux will get
generated in the rotor. Now there will be two flux, one is stator flux and
another is rotor flux and the rotor flux will be lagging to the stator flux.
Due to this, the rotor will feel a torque which will make the rotor to
rotate in the direction of rotating magnetic flux. So the speed of the
rotor will be depending upon the ac supply and the speed can be
controlled by varying the input supply. This is the working principle
of an induction motor of either type.

 Types Induction Motor

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Split phase induction motor

Capacitor start induction motor
Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor
Shaded pole induction motor

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage induction motor
Slip ring induction motor

 Construction of Three Phase Induction Motor

The three phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical motor. Almost 80%
of the mechanical power used by industries is provided by
three phase induction motors because of its simple and rugged construction, low cost,
good operating characteristics, absence of commutator and good speed regulation. In
three phase induction motor the power is transferred from stator to rotor winding
through induction. The Induction motor is also called asynchronous motor as it runs at
a speed other than the synchronous speed.
Like any other electrical motor induction motor also have two main parts namely rotor
and stator
Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A stator
winding is placed in the stator of induction motor and the three phase supply is given
to it.
Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft.
The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further classified as Squirrel cage
rotor,
Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.
Depending upon the type of rotor construction used the three phase induction motor
are classified as: Squirrel cage induction motor,
Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor or phase wound induction motor.

 The construction of stator for both the kinds of

three phase induction motor remains the same and is discussed in brief in
next paragraph. The other parts, which are required to complete the
induction motor, are: Shaft for transmitting the torque to the load. This
shaft is made up of steel.
Bearings for supporting the rotating shaft.
One of the problems with electrical motor is the production of heat during
its rotation. In order to overcome this problem we need fan for cooling.
For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is needed.
There is a small distance between rotor and stator which usually varies
from 0.4 mm to 4 mm. Such a distance is called air gap.
Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor
The stator of the three phase induction motor consists of three main
parts : Stator frame,
Stator core,
Stator winding or field winding.
Stator Frame

It is the outer most part of the three phase induction motor. Its main function is to
support the stator core and the field winding. It acts as a covering and it provide
protection and mechanical strength to all the inner parts of the induction motor. The
frame is either made up of die cast or fabricated steel. The frame of
three phase induction motor should be very strong and rigid as the air gap length of
three phase induction motor is very small, otherwise rotor will not remain concentric
with stator, which will give rise to unbalanced magnetic pull.

Stator Core
The main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating flux. In order to reduce the
eddy current loss, the stator core is laminated. These laminated types of structure are
made up of stamping which is about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick. All the stamping are stamped
together to form stator core, which is then housed in stator frame. The stamping is
generally made up of silicon steel, which helps to reduce the hysteresis loss occurring in
motor.

 Stator Winding or Field Winding

The slots on the periphery of stator core of the three phase induction motor
carries three phase windings. This three phase winding is supplied by three
phase ac supply. The three phases of the winding are connected either in star
or delta depending upon which type of starting method is used. The squirrel
cage motor is mostly started by star delta stater and hence the stator of
squirrel cage motor is delta connected. The slip ring
three phase induction motor are started by inserting resistances so, the stator
winding of slip ring induction motor can be connected either in star or delta.
The winding wound on the stator of three phase induction motor is also called
field winding and when this winding is excited by three phase ac supply it
produces a rotating magnetic field.

 Types of Three Phase Induction Motor

Squirrel cage three phase induction motor: The rotor of the squirrel
cage three phase induction motor is cylindrical in shape and have slots on its
periphery. The slots are not made parallel to each other but are bit skewed
(skewing is not shown in the figure of squirrel cadge rotor beside) as the
skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth and makes the
working of motor more smooth and quieter. The squirrel cage rotor consists
of aluminum, brass or copper bars (copper bras rotor is shown in the figure
beside). These aluminum, brass or copper bars are called rotor conductors
and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors
are permanently shorted by the copper or aluminum rings called the end
rings. In order to provide mechanical strength these rotor conductor are
braced to the end ring and hence form a complete closed circuit resembling
like a cage and hence got its name as "squirrel cage induction motor". The
squirrel cage rotor winding is made symmetrical. As the bars are
permanently shorted by end rings, the rotor resistance is very small and it is
not possible to add external resistance as the bars are permanently shorted.
The absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of Squirrel cage
three phase induction motor very simple and robust and hence widely used
three phase induction motor. These motors have the advantage of adapting
any number of pole pairs. The below diagram shows squirrel cage induction
rotor having aluminum bars short circuit by aluminum end rings.

Advantages of squirrel cage induction rotor1.Its construction is very simple and rugged.
2.As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires less maintenance.
Applications: Squirrel cage induction motor is used in lathes, drilling machine, fan,
blower printing machines etc.

 Slip ring or wound three phase induction motor : In this type of

three phase induction motor the rotor is wound for the same number of
poles as that of stator but it has less number of slots and has less turns
per phase of a heavier conductor. The rotor also carries star or delta
winding similar to that of stator winding. The rotor consists of numbers of
slots and rotor winding are placed inside these slots. The three end
terminals are connected together to form star connection. As its name
indicates three phase slip ring induction motor consists of slip rings
connected on same shaft as that of rotor. The three ends of three phase
windings are permanently connected to these slip rings. The external
resistance can be easily connected through the brushes and slip rings and
hence used for speed control and improving the starting torque of three
phase induction motor. The brushes are used to carry current to and from
the rotor winding. These brushes are further connected to three phase star
connected resistances. At starting, the resistance are connected in rotor
circuit and is gradually cut out as the rotor pick up its speed. When the
motor is running the slip ring are shorted by connecting a metal collar,
which connect all slip ring together and the brushes are also removed. This
reduces wear and tear of the brushes. Due to presence of slip rings and
brushes the rotor construction becomes somewhat complicated therefore
it is less used as compare to squirrel cage induction motor.

1.Advantages of slip ring induction motor - It has high starting torque and low
starting current.
2.Possibility of adding additional resistance to control speed.
Application:
Slip ring induction motor are used where high starting torque is required i.e in
hoists, cranes, elevator etc.

Difference between Slip Ring and Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Slip ring or phase wound Induction motor

Squirrel cage induction motor

Construction is complicated due to presence of

slip ring and brushes

Construction is very simple

The rotor winding is similar to the stator

winding

The rotor consists of rotor bars which are

permanently shorted with the help of end rings

We can easily add rotor resistance by using slip Since the rotor bars are permanently shorted,
ring and brushes
its not possible to add external resistance
Due to presence of external resistance high
starting torque can be obtained

Staring torque is low and cannot be improved

Slip ring and brushes are present

Frequent maintenance is required due to
presence of brushes
The construction is complicated and the
presence of brushes and slip ring makes the
motor more costly

Slip ring and brushes are absent

This motor is rarely used only 10 % industry

uses slip ring induction motor

Due to its simple construction and low cost. The

squirrel cage induction motor is widely used

Rotor copper losses are high and hence less

efficiency
Speed control by rotor resistance method is
possible
Slip ring induction motor are used where high
starting torque is required i.e in hoists, cranes,
elevator etc

Less rotor copper losses and hence high

efficiency
Speed control by rotor resistance method is not
possible
Squirrel cage induction motor is used in lathes,
drilling machine, fan, blower printing machines
etc

Less maintenance is required

The construction is simple and robust and it is
cheap as compared to slip ring induction motor

 We had mentioned above that single phase induction motor is not a

self starting and three phase induction motor is self starting. So
what is self starting? When the machine starts running
automatically without any external force to the machine, then it is
called as self starting. For example we see that when we press the
key the fan starts to rotate automatically, so it is self starting. Point
to be note that fan used in home appliances is
single phase induction motor but it is self starting. How? We will
discuss it how. Why is Three Phase Induction Motor Self
Starting?
In three phase system, there are three single phase line with 120
phase difference. So the rotating magnetic field is having the same
phase difference which will make the rotor to move. If we consider
three phases a, b and c, when phase a is magnetized, the rotor will
move towards the phase a winding, in the next moment phase b
will get magnetized and it will attract the rotor and than phase c. So
the rotor will continue to rotate.

Working Principle of Three Phase Induction Motor

Why Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self Starting?
But what about single phase. It will be having only one phase still it makes the rotor to
rotate, so it is quite interesting. Before that we need to know why
single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor and how the problem is overcome.
We know that the ac supply is a sinusoidal wave and it produces pulsating magnetic field in
uniformly distributed stator winding. Since pulsating magnetic field can be assumed as two
oppositely rotating magnetic fields, there will be no resultant torque produced at the
starting and due to this the motor does not run. After giving the supply, if the rotor is made
to rotate in either direction by external force, then the motor will start to run. This problem
has been solved by making the stator winding into two winding, one is main winding and
another is auxiliary winding and a capacitor is fixed in series with the auxiliary winding.
This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils. When there
will be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate.
Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from
the motor but if we rotate with hand it will start to rotate. So this is the reason of using
capacitor in the single phase induction motor. There are several advantages of
induction motor which makes this motor to have wider application. It is having good
efficiency up to 97%. But the speed of the motor varies with the load given to the motor
which is an disadvantage of this motor. The direction of rotation of induction motor can
easily be changed by changing the sequence of three phase supply, i.e. if RYB is in forward
direction, the RBY will make the motor to rotate in reverse direction. This is in the case of
three phase motor but in single phase motor, the direction can be reversed by reversing
the capacitor terminals in the winding.

 Working Principle of Three Phase Induction Motor

An electrical motor is such an electromechanical device which converts
electrical energy into a mechanical energy. In case of three phase AC
operation, most widely used motor is Three phase induction motor as
this type of motor does not require any starting device or we can say they
are self starting induction motor.
For better understanding the principle of three phase induction motor,
the basic constructional feature of this motor must be known to us. This
Motor consists of two major parts: Stator: Stator of three phase
induction motor is made up of numbers of slots to construct a 3 phase
winding circuit which is connected to 3 phase AC source. The three phase
winding are arranged in such a manner in the slots that they produce a
rotating magnetic field after AC is given to them. Rotor: Rotor of three
phase induction motor consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel
slots that can carry conductors. Conductors are heavy copper or aluminum
bars which fits in each slots & they are short circuited by the end rings. The
slots are not exactly made parallel to the axis of the shaft but are slotted a
little skewed because this arrangement reduces magnetic humming noise &
can avoid stalling of motor.

 Working of Three Phase Induction Motor

Production of Rotating Magnetic Field
The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical
angle of 120. When the primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3
phase AC source, it establishes a rotating magnetic field which rotates at the
synchronous speed.
Secrets behind the rotation:
According to Faradays law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in
an induction motor are either closed through an external resistance or
directly shorted by end ring, and cut the stator rotating magnetic field, an
emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this emf a current flows
through the rotor conductor.
Here the relative velocity between the rotating flux and static rotor conductor
is the cause of current generation; hence as per Lenz's law the rotor will
rotate in the same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative velocity.

 Thus from the working principle of three phase

induction motor it may observed that the rotor speed
should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the
stator. If the speeds equals, there would be no such relative
velocity, so no emf induction in the rotor, & no current
would be flowing, and therefore no torque would be
generated. Consequently the rotor can not reach at the
synchronous speed. The difference between the stator
(synchronous speed) and rotor speeds is called the slip. The
rotation of the magnetic field in an induction motor has the
advantage that no electrical connections need to be made
to the rotor. Thus the three phase induction motor is:
Self-starting. Less armature reaction and brush sparking
because of the absence of commutators and brushes that
may cause sparks. Robust in construction. Economical.
Easier to maintain.

Classification of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor.

NEMA in United States and IEC in Europe have classified the
design of the squirrel cage induction motors based on their
speed-torque characteristics into some classes. These classes
are Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E and Class F.
In Class A Design
A normal starting torque.
A normal starting current.
Low slip.
In this Class, pullout torque is always of 200 to 300 percent of
the full-load torque and it occurs at a low slip (it is less than 20
percent).
For this Class, the starting torque is equal to rated torque for
larger motors and is about 200 percent or more of the rated
torque for the smaller motors.

 In Class B Design
Normal starting torque,
Lower starting current,
Low slip.
Induction Motor of this Class produces about the same starting torque
as the class A induction motor and this starting torque is with about
25 percent less current.
Pullout torque is always greater than or equal to 200 percent of the
rated load torque. But it is less than that of the class A design
because it has increased rotor reactance.
Again Rotor slip is still relatively low (less than 5 percent) at full load.
Applications of Class B design are similar to those for design A. But
design B is preferred more because of its lower starting-current
requirements.

In Class C Design
High starting torque.
Low starting currents.
Low slip at the full load (less than 5 %).
Up to 250 percent of the full-load torque, the starting torque is
in this class of design.
The pullout torque is lower than that for class A induction
motors.
In this design the motors are built from double-cage rotors.
They are more expensive than motors of Class A and B classes.
Class C Designs are used for high-starting-torque loads (loaded
pumps, compressors, and conveyors).

 In Class D Design
In this Design of Class motors has very high starting
torque (275 percent or more of the rated torque).
A low starting current.
A high slip at full load.
Again in this class of design the high rotor resistance
shifts the peak torque to a very low speed.
It is even possible at zero speed (100 percent slip) for
the highest torque to occur in this class of design.
Full-load slip (It is typically 7 to 11 percent, but may go
as high as 17 percent or more) in this class of design is
quite high because of the high rotor resistance always.

 In class E Design
Very Low Starting Torque.
Normal Starting Current.
Low Slip.
Compensator or resistance starter are used to control
starting current.
In Class F Design
Low Starting Torque, 1.25 times of full load torque when
full voltage is applied.
Low Starting Current.
Normal Slip.

Circle Diagram of Induction

Motor
The CIRCLE DIAGRAM means that it is figure or curve which is drawn has a circular
shape. As we know, the diagrammatic representation is easier compared to
theoretical and mathematical descriptions. Actually, we do not have that much time
or patience to go through the writings so we prefer diagrammatic representation.
Also, it is very easy to remember the things which are shown in picture. As we know,
A PICTURE IS WORTH 1000 WORDS. This also holds good here and we are to draw
circle diagram in order to compute various parameters rather than doing it
mathematically.
Importance of Circle Diagram
The diagram provides information which is not provided by an ordinary phasor
diagram. A phasor diagram gives relation between current and voltage only at a
single circuit condition. If the condition changes, we need to draw the phasor diagram
again. But a circle diagram may be referred to as a phasor diagram drawn in one
plane for more than one circuit conditions. On the context of induction motor, which is
our main interest, we can get information about its power output, power factor,
torque, slip, speed, copper loss, efficiency etc. in a graphical or in a diagrammatic
representation.

 Test Performed to Compute Data Required for Drawing Circle

Diagram
We have to perform no load and blocked rotor test in an
induction motor. In no load test, the induction motor is run at
no load and by two watt meter method, its total power
consumed is calculated which is composed of no load losses
only. Slip is assumed to be zero. From here no load current
and the angle between voltage and current is required for
drawing circle diagram and calculated. The angle will be large
as in the no load condition induction motor has high inductive
reactance. In block rotor test, rotor is blocked which is
analogous to short circuit secondary of a transformer. From
this test, we need to calculate short circuit current and the
lag angle between voltage and current for drawing circle
diagram. Also, we need rotor and stator copper loss.

 Procedure to Draw the Circle Diagram

We have to assume a suitable before drawing it. This assumption is done
according to our convenience.

 The no load current and the no load angle calculated from no load test is plotted.
This is shown by the line OA, where 0 is the no load power factor angle.
The short circuit current and the angle obtained from block rotor test is plotted.
This is shown by the line OC and the angle is shown by B.
The right bisector of the line AC is drawn which bisects the line and it is extended
to cut in the line AE which gives us the Centre.
The stator current is calculated from the equivalent circuit of the induction motor
which we get from the two tests. That current is plotted in the circle diagram
according to the scale with touching origin and a point in the circle diagram which
is shown by B.
The line AC is called the power line. By using the scale for power conversion that
we have taken in the circle diagram, we can get the output power if we move
vertically above the line AC to the periphery of the circle. The output power is
given by the line MB.
The total copper loss is given by the line GM.
For drawing the torque line, the total copper loss should be separated to both the
rotor copper loss and stator copper loss. The line DE gives the stator copper loss
and the line CD gives the rotor copper loss. In this way, the point E is selected.
The line AD is known as torque line which gives the torque developed by induction
motor.

 Maximum Quantities from Circle Diagram

 Maximum Output Power

When the tangent to the circle is parallel to the line then output power will
be maximum. That point M is obtained by drawing a perpendicular line from
the center to the output line and extending it to cut at M. Maximum
Torque
When the tangent to the circle is parallel to the torque line, it gives
maximum torque. This is obtained by drawing a line from the center in
perpendicular to the torque line and extending it to cut at the circle. That
point is marked as N. Maximum Input Power
It occurs when tangent to the circle is perpendicular to the horizontal line.
The point is the highest point in the circle diagram and drawn to the center
and extends into S. That point is marked as R. Conclusion of Circle Diagram
This method is based on some approximations that we have used in order to
draw the circle diagram and also, there is some rounding off of the values as
well. So there is some error in this method but it can give good approximate
results. Also, this method is very much time consuming so it is drawn at
times where the drawing of circle diagram is absolutely necessary.
Otherwise, we go for mathematical formulas or equivalent circuit model in
order to find out various parameters.

 Torque Slip Characteristics of Induction Motor

The torque slip curve for an induction motor gives us the information about the variation of
torque with the slip. The slip is defined as the ratio of difference of synchronous speed to the
speed at any mechanical load to the synchronous speed of the machine. The variation of slip
can be obtained with the variation on speed that is when speed varies the slip will also vary
and the torque corresponding to that speed will also vary.
The curve can be described in three modes of operation-

 Motoring Mode In this mode of operation, supply is given to the

stator sides and the motor always rotates below the synchronous
speed. The induction motor torque varies from zero to full load torque
as the slip varies. The slip varies from zero to one. It is zero at no load
and one at standstill. From the curve it is seen that the torque is
directly proportional to the slip. That is, more is the slip, more will be
the torque produced and vice-versa. The linear relationship simplifies
the calculation of motor parameter to great extent. Generating Mode
In this mode of operation induction motor runs above the synchronous
speed and it should be driven by a prime mover. The stator winding is
connected to a three phase supply in which it supplies electrical
energy. Actually, in this case, the torque and slip both are negative so
the motor receives mechanical energy and delivers electrical energy.
Induction motor is not much used as generator because it requires
reactive power for its operation. That is, reactive power should be
supplied from outside and if it runs below the synchronous speed by
any means, it consumes electrical energy rather than giving it at the
output. So, as far as possible, induction generators are generally
avoided.

 Braking Mode In the breaking mode, the two leads or the polarity
of the supply voltage is changed so that the motor starts to rotate
in the reverse direction and as a result the motor stops. This
method of breaking is known as plugging. This method is used
when it is required to stop the motor within a very short period of
time. The kinetic energy stored in the revolving load is dissipated
as heat. Also, motor is still receiving power from the stator which
is also dissipated as heat. So as a result of which motor develops
enormous heat energy. For this stator is disconnected from the
supply before motor enters the breaking mode.
If load which the motor drives accelerates the motor in the same
direction as the motor is rotating, the speed of the motor may
increase more than synchronous speed. In this case, it acts as an
induction generator which supplies electrical energy to the mains
which tends to slow down the motor to its synchronous speed, in
this case the motor stops. This type of breaking principle is called
dynamic or regenerative breaking.

 Torque Slip Characteristics of Single Phase Induction Motor

 From the figure, we see that at a slip of unity, both forward and
backward field develops equal torque but the direction of which
are opposite to each other so the net torque produced is zero
hence the motor fails to start. From here we can say that these
motors are not self starting unlike the case of three phase
induction motor. There must be some means to provide the
starting torque. If by some means, we can increase the forward
speed of the machine due to which the forward slip decreases
the forward torque will increase and the reverse torque will
decrease as a result of which motor will start.
From here we can conclude that for starting of single phase
induction motor, there should be a production of difference of
torque between the forward and backward field. If the forward
field torque is larger than the backward field than the motor
rotates in forward or anti clockwise direction. If the torque due to
backward field is larger compared to other, then the motor
rotates in backward or clockwise direction.

Torque Equation of Three Phase Induction Motor

The torque produced by three phase induction motor depends upon the following three
factors:
Firstly the magnitude of rotor current, secondly the flux which interact with the rotor of
three phase induction motor and is responsible for producing emf in the rotor part of induction
motor, lastly the power factor of rotor of the three phase induction motor. Combining all these
factors together we get the equation of torque as-

Where, T is the torque produced by induction motor, is flux responsible of

producing induced emf, I2 is rotor current, cos2 is the power factor of rotor
circuit. The flux produced by the stator is proportional to stator emf E 1. i.e
E1 We know that transformation ratio K is defined as the ratio of secondary voltage
(rotor voltage) to that of primary voltage (stator voltage).

Rotor current I2 is defined as the ratio of rotor induced emf under running condition , sE 2 to total
impedance, Z2 of rotor side,

and total impedance Z2 on rotor side is given by

 Putting this value in above equation we get,

We know that power factor is defined as ratio of resistance to that of impedance. The
power factor of the rotor circuit is

Putting the value of flux , rotor current I2, power factor cos2 in the equation of
torque we get,

 Combining similar term we get,

Removing proportionality constant we get,

Where ns is synchronous speed in r. p. s, ns = Ns / 60. So, finally the equation

of torque becomes,

 Derivation of K in torque equation. In case of three

phase induction motor, there occur copper losses in
rotor. These rotor copper losses are expressed as Pc =
3I22R2 We know that rotor current,

Substitute this value of I2 in the equation of rotor copper losses, Pc. So, we get

The ratio of P2 : Pc : Pm = 1 : s : (1 - s) Where P2 is the rotor input, Pc is the rotor

copper losses, Pm is the mechanical power developed.

Substitute the value of Pc in above equation we get,

On simplifying we get,

 The mechanical power developed Pm = T,

Substituting the value of Pm

We know that the rotor speed N = Ns(1 - s) Substituting this value of rotor speed
in above equation we get,
By calculating and substituting the all values we get the equation.

 Equation of Starting Torque of Three Phase

Induction Motor
Starting torque is the torque produced by
induction motor when it is started. We know that at start
the rotor speed, N is zero.
So, the equation of starting torque is easily obtained by simply putting the value of s = 1
in the equation of torque of the three phase induction motor,