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Hardware consists of the various types of computers like personal

computers, (PCs),
graphics workstations, input devices like mouse, keyboard and digitizer
and output devices
like plotter, printer & CRTs.
Agraphics tablet(alsodigitizer,digital
drawing tablet,pen tablet,digital art board)
is a computerinput devicethat enables a user to
hand-draw images, animations and graphics, with
a special pen-likestylus, similar to the way a
person draws images with a pencil and paper.
These tablets may also be used to capture data or
handwritten signatures. It can also be used to
trace an image from a piece of paper which is
taped or otherwise secured to the tablet surface.
Capturing data in this way, by tracing or entering
Passive
tablets,
most poly-lines
notably those
manufactured
byWacomandHuionfor example, make
the corners
of linear
or shapes,
is
use
ofelectromagnetic inductiontechnology, where the horizontal and vertical wires of the
calleddigitizing.
tablet operate as both transmitting and receiving coils (as opposed to the wires of the RAND
Tablet which only transmit). The tablet generates an electromagnetic signal, which is
received by theLC circuitin the stylus. The wires in the tablet then change to a receiving
mode and read the signal generated by the stylus. Modern arrangements also
providepressuresensitivity and one or more buttons, with the electronics for this information
present in the stylus. On older tablets, changing the pressure on the stylus nib or pressing a
button changed the properties of the LC circuit, affecting the signal generated by the pen,
which modern ones often encode into the signal as a digital data stream. By using
electromagnetic signals, the tablet is able to sense the stylus position without the stylus
having to even touch the surface, and powering the pen with this signal means that devices
Flatbed type of scanner is sometimes called

reflective scanner because it works by shining white
light onto the object to be scanned and reading the
intensity and color of light that is reflected from it,
usually a line at a time. They are designed for
scanning prints or other flat, opaque materials but
some have available transparency adapters, which
for a number of reasons, in most cases, are not very
well suited to scanning film.
CCD scanner
A flatbed scanner is usually composed of a glass
pane (orplaten), under which there is a bright light
(oftenxenon,LEDorcold cathode fluorescent) which
illuminates the pane, and a moving optical array
inCCDscanning. CCD-type scanners typically
contain three rows (arrays) of sensors with red,
green, and blue filters.
Aresistivetouchscreen panel comprises several layers, the most important of which are
two thin, transparent electrically-resistive layers separated by a thin space. These layers face
each other with a thin gap between. The top screen (the screen that is touched) has a coating
on the underside surface of the screen. Just beneath it is a similar resistive layer on top of its
substrate. One layer has conductive connections along its sides, the other along top and
bottom. A voltage is applied to one layer, and sensed by the other. When an object, such as a
fingertip or stylus tip, presses down onto the outer surface, the two layers touch to become
connected at that point: The panel then behaves as a pair ofvoltage dividers, one axis at a
time. By rapidly switching between each layer, the position of a pressure on the screen can be
read.
A capacitive touchscreen panel
consists of aninsulatorsuch
asglass, coated with a
transparentconductorsuch
asindium tin oxide (InSnO).As the
human body is also an electrical
conductor, touching the surface of
the screen results in a distortion of
the screen's electrostaticfield,
measurable as a change
incapacitance. Different
technologies may be used to
determine the location of the touch.
The location is then sent to
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, and
a phosphorescent screen used to view images. It has a means to accelerate and deflect the
electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent
electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), radar targets
or others. The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep (i.e. long from
front screen face to rear end), fairly heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of safety, the
face is typically made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block
most X-ray emissions, particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product. The vacuum
level inside the tube is high vacuum on the order of 0.01 Pa to 133 nPa.
In television sets and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned
repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster. An image is produced by
controlling the intensity of each of the three electron beams, one for each additive primary
color (red, green, and blue) with a video signal. In all modern CRT monitors and televisions,
the beams are bent by magnetic deflection, a varying magnetic field generated by coils and
driven by electronic circuits around the neck of the tube, although electrostatic deflection is
commonly used in oscilloscopes, a type of diagnostic instrument.
Direct-view bistable storage tube (DVBST) was an acronym used by Tektronix to

describe their line of storage tubes. These were cathode ray tubes (CRT) that stored
information written to them using an analog technique inherent in the CRT and based
upon the secondary emission of electrons from the phosphor screen itself. The resulting
image was visible in the continuously glowing patterns on the face of the CRT.
The DVBST implements two electron guns: a

"flood gun" and a "writing gun". The writing gun
scans across a wire grid, charging the grid to
create the negative image. The flood gun then
floods the grid. Previously charged areas repel the
incoming electrons so that electrons only pass
through the grid to the phosphor in those areas
not previously charged.
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display

or other electronic visual display that uses the lightmodulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals
do not emit light directly.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a
general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with
low information content, which can be displayed or
hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment
displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic
technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of
a large number of small pixels, while other displays
have larger elements. They are available in a wider
range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and
since they do not use phosphors, they do not suffer
image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image
persistence.
The LCD screen is more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT. Its
low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic
equipment more efficiently than CRTs. It is an electronically modulated optical device made
up of any number of segments controlling a layer of liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a
light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome
Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize

light as it enters. Glass substrate with ITO electrodes.
The shapes of these electrodes will determine the
shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned ON.
Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.
Twisted nematic liquid crystal.
Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO)
with horizontal ridges to line up with the horizontal
filter.
Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to
block/pass light.
Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a
backlit LCD, this layer is replaced with a light source.)
Laser printingis anelectrostaticdigital

printingprocess. It produces high-quality text and
graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by
repeatedly passing alaser beamback and forth
over a negatively charged cylindrical drum to
define a differentially-charged image. The drum
then selectively collects electrically charged
powdered ink (toner), and transfers the image to
paper, which is then heated in order to
A laser beamfuse
(typically,
analuminium
gallium
permanently
the text
and/or imagery.
arsenide(AlGaAs)semiconductor laser) projects an
image of the page to be printed onto an
electrically-charged,selenium-coated, rotating,
cylindrical drum (or, more commonly in
subsequent versions, organic photoconductors).
Photoconductivityallows the charged electrons to
fall away from the areas exposed to light.
Powdered ink (toner) particles are then
electrostatically attracted to the charged areas of
the drum that have not been laser-beamed. The
drum then transfers the image onto paper (which
is passed through the machine) by direct contact.
Finally the paper is passed onto a finisher, which
Inkjet printingis a type ofcomputer printingthat recreates

adigital imageby propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic,
or other substrates.
In the thermal inkjet process, the print cartridges consist of
a series of tiny chambers, each containing a heater, all of
which are constructed byphotolithography. To eject a
droplet from each chamber, a pulse of current is passed
through the heating element causing a rapid vaporization of
the ink in the chamber and forming a bubble, which causes
a large pressure increase, propelling a droplet of ink onto
the paper (hence Canon'strade nameofBubble Jet). The
ink'ssurface tension, as well as the condensation and
resultant contraction of the vapor bubble, pulls a further
charge of ink into the chamber through a narrow channel
attached
to an inkand
reservoir
Most
commercial
industrial inkjet printers and some
consumer printers (those produced byEpsonandBrother
Industries) use a piezoelectric materialin an ink-filled
chamber behind each nozzle instead of a heating
element. When a voltage is applied, the piezoelectric
material changes shape, generating a pressure pulse in
the fluid, which forces a droplet of ink from the nozzle.
Dot matrix printingorimpact matrix

printingis a type ofcomputer printingwhich uses
a print head that moves back-and-forth, or in an
up-and-down motion, on the page and prints by
impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against
the paper, much like the print mechanism on
atypewriter. However, unlike a typewriter ordaisy
wheel printer, letters are drawn out of adot
matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary
graphics can be produced.
Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also
called a "wire" or "pin", which is driven forward by
the power of a tinyelectromagnetor solenoid,
either directly or through small levers (pawls).
Facing the ribbon and the paper is a small guide
plate named ribbon mask holder or protector,
sometimes also calledbutterflyfor its typical
shape. It is pierced with holes to serve as guides
for the pins. This plate may be made of hard
plastic or an artificial jewel such
assapphireorruby
Theplotteris acomputerprinterfor
printingvector graphics. In the past, plotters were
used in applications such ascomputer-aided
design, though they have generally been replaced
with wide-format conventional printers. A plotter
gives a hard copy of the output. It draws pictures
on a paper using a pen. Plotters are used to print
designs of ships and machines, plans for buildings
and plotters
so on. print by moving apenor other
Pen
instrument across the surface of a piece of paper.
This means that plotters arevector graphics
devices, rather thanraster graphicsas with
otherprinters. Pen plotters can draw complex line
art, including text, but do so slowly because of the
mechanical movement of the pens. They are often
incapable of efficiently creating a solid region of
color, but canhatchan area by drawing a number
of close, regular lines. Plotters offered the fastest
way to efficiently produce very large drawings or
color high-resolution vector-based artwork
whencomputer memorywas very expensive and
processor power was very limited, and other types
of printers had limited graphic output capabilities.

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CAD CAM

Hardware consists of the various types of computers like personal

Flatbed type of scanner is sometimes called

Direct-view bistable storage tube (DVBST) was an acronym used by Tektronix to

The DVBST implements two electron guns: a

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display

Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize

Laser printingis anelectrostaticdigital

Inkjet printingis a type ofcomputer printingthat recreates

Dot matrix printingorimpact matrix

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