This document provides an overview of a presentation seminar on telecommunications. It discusses technologies adopted by Aayan Infratel Private Limited such as GSM, CDMA, LTE, Wi-Fi and more. The document then covers telecommunication basics including voice/data, modulation, signals, multiplexing and transmission media. It also discusses speech processing, background of GSM standards, multiple access methods, switching techniques and the GSM frequency spectrum. Finally, it summarizes key GSM network elements such as the SIM card, BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR and describes logical and physical channels as well as the handover process.
This document provides an overview of a presentation seminar on telecommunications. It discusses technologies adopted by Aayan Infratel Private Limited such as GSM, CDMA, LTE, Wi-Fi and more. The document then covers telecommunication basics including voice/data, modulation, signals, multiplexing and transmission media. It also discusses speech processing, background of GSM standards, multiple access methods, switching techniques and the GSM frequency spectrum. Finally, it summarizes key GSM network elements such as the SIM card, BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR and describes logical and physical channels as well as the handover process.
This document provides an overview of a presentation seminar on telecommunications. It discusses technologies adopted by Aayan Infratel Private Limited such as GSM, CDMA, LTE, Wi-Fi and more. The document then covers telecommunication basics including voice/data, modulation, signals, multiplexing and transmission media. It also discusses speech processing, background of GSM standards, multiple access methods, switching techniques and the GSM frequency spectrum. Finally, it summarizes key GSM network elements such as the SIM card, BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR and describes logical and physical channels as well as the handover process.
This document provides an overview of a presentation seminar on telecommunications. It discusses technologies adopted by Aayan Infratel Private Limited such as GSM, CDMA, LTE, Wi-Fi and more. The document then covers telecommunication basics including voice/data, modulation, signals, multiplexing and transmission media. It also discusses speech processing, background of GSM standards, multiple access methods, switching techniques and the GSM frequency spectrum. Finally, it summarizes key GSM network elements such as the SIM card, BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR and describes logical and physical channels as well as the handover process.
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PRESENTATION SEMINAR
ON TELECOMMUNICATION
SUBMITTED TO: Punjab Technical University
SUBMITTED BY: Rajendra Kumar Mahto(1249553)
Aayan Infratel Private Limited (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified
Company) offers High end Telecom and Software project management and execution services to most of the telecom operators and vendor companies across the country. Aayan Infratel has special branch Tech Vidya for providing services and training in the Telecom & IT Solution. One of the leader in Technology Training and placement (IT, Software, Telecom, Networking core Electronics etc.) Technologies adopted by the company:GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, LTE, Advanced LTE, Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, IP Networking, Cloud Computing and many more.
Introduction Of Telecommunication GSM - GLOBLE SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Telecom Basic
Communication Voice and Data
Modulation Analog and Digital
Signals Analog and Digital
Multiplexing FDMA,TDMA,CDMA
Transmission Media Wire Media and Wireless Media
Network PSTN, ISDN, PDN, Mobile Network
Switching Technique Circuit Switch and Packet Switch
Speech Processing Blah... Blah... Blah...
Blah Blah Blah...
Digitizing and Source Coding
Source Decoding
Channel Coding
Channel Decoding
Interleaving
De-interleaving
Ciphering
Burst Formatting Modulating
Deciphering
Burst De-formatting Demodulating
Background To GSM
1G : Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) Analog, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD 2G : Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS) Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD 2G : Global System for Mobile (GSM) Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA and TDMA, FDD 2G : Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA, CDMA, SS, FDD
Background To GSM
2.5G : General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)Digital, Circuit
A3 & A8 can be different for different operators A5 - Unique, used across GSM operators 15
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Handles the radio interface to the mobile station. Consists of one or more radio terminals for transmission and reception TRX and MS communicates over Um interface Received data transcoding Voice encryption/decryption Signal processing functions of the radio interface Uplink Radio channel power measurements
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Base Station Controller (BSC)
Provides all the control functions and physical
links between the MSC and BTS
External Interfaces Abis interface towards the BTS A interface towards the MSC
Monitors and controls several BTSs
Management of channels on the radio interface
Alarm Handling from the external interfaces
Performs inter-cell Handover
Switching from Abis link to the A link
Interface to OMC for BSS Management
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Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Performs call switching
Interface of the cellular
network to PSTN
Routes calls between
PLMN and PSTN
Queries HLR when calls
come from PSTN to mobile user
Inter-BSC Handover
Paging
Billing 18
Home Location Register (HLR)
Stores user data of all Subscribers
related to the GMSC -International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI) -Users telephone number (MS ISDN) -Subscription information and services -VLR address -Reference to Authentication center for key (Ki)
Referred when call comes from public
land network 19
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Database that contains Subscriber
parameters and location information for all mobile subscribers currently located in the geographical area controlled by that VLR
Identity of Mobile Subscriber
Copy of subscriber data from HLR
Generates and allocates a Temporary
Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Location Area Code
Provides necessary data when mobile
originates call
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Channels: Physical and Logical channels
Physical channels The combination of an ARFCN and a time slot defines a physical channel. One timeslot of a TDMA-frame on one carrier is referred to as a physical channel. There are 8 physical channels per carrier in GSM, channel 0-7(timeslot 0-7) Logical channels These are channels specified by GSM which are mapped on physical channels. A great variety of information must be transmitted between BTS and the MS, for e.g. user data and control signaling. Depending on the kind of information transmitted we refer to different logical channels. These logical channels are mapped on physical channel.
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Logical channels on Air Interface
LOGICAL CHANNELS COMMON CHANNELS
COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS
BROADCAST CHANNELS
FCCH
SCH
DEDICATED CHANNELS
BCCH
PCH
DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS
SDCCH
RACH
AGCH
SACCH
TCH/F
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
FACCH
TCH/H
TCH/EFR
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Logical Channels on Air interface
Frequency correction channel-FCCH To make sure this is the BCCH carrier. Allow the MS to synchronize to the frequency Synchronization Channel-SCH This is used by the MS to synchronize to the TDMA frame structure within the particular cell Listening to the SCH the MS receives the TDMA frame number.
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Logical Channels on Air interface
Broadcast Control Channel - BCCH The last information the MS must receive in order to receive calls or make calls is some information concerning the cell. This is BCCH. This include the information of Max power allowed in the cell. List of channels in use in the cell. BCCH carriers for the neighboring cells, Location Area Identity etc. This is transmitted Downlink point to multipoint.
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Logical Channels on Air interface
Random access channel-RACH
Used by Mobile Station for requesting for a channel. When the
mobile realizes it is paged it answers by requesting a signaling channel (SDCCH) on RACH. RACH is also used by the MS if it wants to originate a call. Initially MS doesnt know the path delay (timing advance), hence uses a short burst (with a large guard period = 68.25 bits). MS sends normal burst only after getting the timing advance info on the SACCH. It is transmitted in Uplink point to point.
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Logical Channels on Air interface
Access Grant Channel-AGCH On request for a signaling channel by MS the network assigns a signaling channel (SDCCH) through AGCH. AGCH is transmitted on the downlink point to point. Paging Channel-PCH The information on this channel is a paging message including the MSs identity (IMSI/TMSI).This is transmitted on Downlink, point-to-multipoint.
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Logical Channels on Air interface
Stand alone dedicated control channel-SDCCH AGCH assigns SDCCH as signaling channel on request by MS. The MS is informed about which frequency (ARFCN) & timeslot to use for traffic. Used for location update, subscriber authentication, ciphering information, equipment validation and assignment of TCH. This is used both sides, up and Downlink point-point.
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Logical Channels on Air interface
Slow associated control channel-SACCH Transmission of radio link signal measurement, power control etc. Average signal strengths(Rx Lev) and quality of service (Rx Qual) of the serving base station and of the neighboring cells is sent on SACCH (on uplink). Mobile receives information like what TX power it has to transmit and the timing advance. It is associated with TCH or SDCCH
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Logical Channels on Air interface
Fast associated control channel-FACCH Used for Hand over commands and during call setup and release. FACCH data is sent over TCH with stealing flag set Traffic Channels Full Rate -TCH/FR Traffic Channels are logical channels that transfer user speech or data. On Full rate data rate is 13Kbps
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Logical Channels on Air interface
Traffic Channels Half Rate -TCH/HR Traffic Channels are logical channels that transfer user speech or data. On Half rate data rate is 6.5Kbps Traffic Channels Enhanced Full Rate-TCH/EFR The speech coding in EFR is still done at 13Kbits/s, but the coding mechanism is different than that used for normal full rate traffic
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Handover Handover is used to enable the Mobility in Mobile Network Types of Handover Soft Handover Make Before Break Hard Handover- Break Before Make
In GSM only Hard Handover Occurs
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Handover in GSM The decision to perform a handover is always made by the BSC that is currently serving the subscriber, except for the handover for traffic reasons. In the latter case the MSC makes the decision. There are four different types of handover Intra cell - Intra BSC handover Inter cell - Intra BSC handover Inter cell - Inter BSC handover Inter MSC handover
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Intra cell - Intra BSC handover
The handovers is the intra cell handover where the subscriber is handed over to another traffic channel (generally in another frequency) within the same cell. In this case the BSC controlling the cell makes the decision to perform handover
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Inter cell - Intra BSC handover
The subscriber moves from cell 1 to cell 2. In this case the handover process is controlled by BSC. The traffic connection with cell 1 is released when the connection with cell 2 is set up successfully.
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Inter cell - Inter BSC handover
The subscriber moves from cell 2 to cell 3, which is served by another BSC. In this case the handover process is carried out by the MSC, but, the decision to make the handover is still done by the first BSC. The connection with the first BSC (and BTS) is released when the connection with the new BSC (and BTS) is set up successfully.
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Inter MSC handover
The subscriber moves from a cell controlled by one MSC/VLR to a cell in the domain of another MSC/VLR
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General Packet Radio Service-GPRS
General Packet Radio Service - 2.5G GPRS is a packet switched oriented mobile data service
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General Packet Radio Service
In order to address these inefficiencies, cellular packet data technology GPRS have been developed Benefits of GPRS GPRS improves the utilization of the radio resources Offers volume-based billing Higher data transfer rates Shorter access times Simplifies the access to packet data networks
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General Packet Radio Service
New Nodes In GPRS Along with the GSM Network Architecture ,In GPRS few new nodes are added they are: Packet Control Unit - PCU Serving GPRS support node SGSN Gateway GPRS support node - GGSN
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General Packet Radio Service
GPRS Network Architecture
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Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution-EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution-2.75G
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Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution-EDGE
An enhanced Data rate for Global Evolution (EDGE) is a digital mobile phone technology, which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to 2G and 2.5G.
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Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution-EDGE
Technical Feature Of EDGE In addition to GMSK (Gaussian minimum-shift keying) EDGE uses 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying) Coding Technique-Modulation coding scheme(MCS) EDGE-Data Rate EDGE is capable of offering data rates of 384kbps and Theoretically , of up to 473.6kbps
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Introduction to UMTS 3G
UMTS Overview
- UMTS is the European vision of 3G mobile communication
systems. It represents an evolution in terms of services and data speeds from today's 2G mobile networks. - UMTS represents the move into 3G of mobile networks. It addresses the growing demand of mobile and Internet applications for new capacity in todays overcrowded mobile communications. UMTS increases transmission speed up to 2 Mbps per mobile user and establishes a global roaming standard. It allows many more applications to be introduced to a worldwide base of users and provides a vital link between current multiple GSM systems and the ultimate single worldwide standard systems for all mobile telecommunications.
