Modulation: Encoding Information in A Baseband Signal and Then Translating (Shifting) Signal To Much Higher Frequency Prior To Transmission

Introduction
Modulation: Encoding information in a baseband

signal and then translating (shifting) signal to much
higher frequency prior to transmission
Message signal is detected by observing baseband
to the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the signal.
Our focus is modulation for mobile radio.
The primary goal is to transport information
through the MRC with the best quality (low BER),
lowest power & least amount of frequency
spectrum
Must make tradeoffs between these objectives.
1
Digital Modulation
Better performance and more cost effective
than analog modulation methods (AM, FM,
etc.)
Used in modern cellular systems
Advancements in VLSI, DSP, etc. have made
digital solutions practical and affordable
Performance advantages:
1) Resistant to noise, fading, & interference
2) Can combine multiple information types (voice,
data, & video) in a single transmission channel
3) Improved security (e.g., encryption) deters phone
cloning + eavesdropping
4) Error coding is used to detect/correct transmission
errors
5) Signal conditioning can be used to combat hostile
MRC environment
6) Can implement mod/dem functions using DSP
software (instead of hardware circuits).
3
Choice of digital modulation scheme

Many types of digital modulation methods
subtle differences
Performance factors to consider
1) low Bit Error Rate (BER) at low S/N
2) resistance to interference (ACI & CCI) & multipath

fading
3) occupying a minimum amount of BW
4) easy and cheap to implement in mobile unit
5) efficient use of battery power in mobile unit
No existing modulation scheme simultaneously

satisfies all of these requirements well.
Each one is better in some areas with tradeoffs
of being worse in others.
Power Efficiency p : ability of a modulation

technique to preserve the quality of digital messages at
low power levels (low SNR)
Specified as Eb / No @ some BER (e.g. 10-5) where Eb :
energy/bit and No : noise power/bit
Tradeoff between fidelity and signal power
BER as Eb / No
Bandwidth Efficiency B : ability of a modulation

technique to accommodate data in a limited BW
R
bps/Hz
B
B
R : data rate B: RF BW
Tradeoff between data rate and occupied BW

as R , then BW
For a digital signal :
B : half-power (-3 dB) BW

B : null-to-null BW
B : absolute BW
range where PSD > 0
FCC definition of occupied BW BW contains

99% of signal power
8
Linear Modulation Methods

In linear modulation techniques, the amplitude of the
transmitted signal varies linearly with the modulating
digital signal.
Performance is evaluated with respect to Eb / No
BPSK
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
10
Phase transitions force carrier amplitude to

change from + to .
Amplitude varies in time
11
BPSK RF signal BW
Null-to-null RF BW = 2 Rb = 2 / Tb
90% BW = 1.6 Rb for rectangular pulses
12
Probability of Bit Error is proportional to the

distance between the closest points in the
constellation.
A simple upper bound can be found using the
assumption that noise is additive, white, and
Gaussian.
d is distance between nearest constellation points.
13
Q(x) is the Q-function, the area under a normalized Gaussian

function (also called a Normal curve or a bell curve)
Q( z )
z
1 y2 / 2
e
dy
2
Appendix F, Fig. F.1

Fig. F.2, plot of Q-function
Tabulated values in Table F.1.
Here
14
Demodulation in Rx
Requires reference of Tx signal in order to properly
determine phase
carrier must be transmitted along with signal
Called Synchronous or Coherent detection

complex & costly Rx circuitry
good BER performance for low SNR power efficient
15
16
DPSK
DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying
Non-coherent Rx can be used
easy & cheap to build
no need for coherent reference signal from Tx
Bit information determined by transition between

two phase states
incoming bit = 1 signal phase stays the same as
previous bit
incoming bit = 0 phase switches state
17
If {mk} is the message, the output {dk} is as shown

below.
can also be described in modulo-2 arithmetic d k mk d k 1
Same BW properties as BPSK, uses same amount of spectrum

Non-coherent detection all that is needed is to compare
phases between successive bits, not in reference to a Tx phase.
power efficiency is 3 dB worse than coherent BPSK (higher
power in Eb / No is required for the same BER)
18
19
QPSK
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Four different phase states in one symbol period
Two bits of information in each symbol
Phase:
0 /2 3/2 possible phase values
Symbol: 00 01 11 10
20
Note that we choose binary representations so

an error between two adjacent points in the
constellation only results in a single bit error
For example, decoding a phase to be instead of
/2 will result in a "11" when it should have been
"01", only one bit in error.
21
Constant amplitude with four different phases

remembering the trig. identity
22
23
Now we have two basis functions

Es = 2 Eb since 2 bits are transmitted per symbol
I = in-phase component from sI(t).
Q = quadrature component that is sQ(t).
24
QPSK RF Signal BW
null-to-null RF BW = Rb = 2RS (2 bits / one symbol time) = 2 / Ts

double the BW efficiency of BPSK or twice the data rate in same
signal BW
25
BER is once again related to the distance

between constellation points.
d is distance between nearest constellation points.
26
27
How does BER performance compare to

BPSK?
Why? same # of states per number of basis
functions for both BPSK and QPSK (2 states per
one function or 4 states per 2 functions)
same power efficiency
(same BER at specified Eb / No)
twice the bandwidth efficiency
(sending 2 bits instead of 1)
28
QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques
29
30
OQPSK
Offset QPSK
The occasional phase shift of radians can cause the
signal envelope to pass through zero for just in
instant.
Any kind of hard limiting or nonlinear amplification
of the zero-crossings brings back the filtered
sidelobes
since the fidelity of the signal at small voltage levels is
lost in transmission.
OQPSK ensures there are fewer baseband signal

transitions applied to the RF amplifier,
helps eliminate spectrum regrowth after amplification.
31
Example above: First symbol (00) at 0, and the

next symbol (11) is at 180. Notice the signal going
through zero at 2 microseconds.
This causes problems.
32
Using an offset approach: First symbol (00) at 0,

then an intermediate symbol at (10) at 90, then the
next full symbol (11) at 180.
The intermediate symbol is used halfway through
the symbol period.
It corresponds to allowing the first bit of the symbol
to change halfway through the symbol period.
The figure below does have phase changes more
often, but no extra transitions through zero.
IS-95 uses OQPSK, so it is one of the major
modulation schemes used.
33
34
In QPSK signaling, the bit transitions of the

even and odd bit streams occur at the same time
instants.
but in OQPSK signaling, the even and odd bit
Streams,
mI(t) and mQ(t), are offset in their relative
alignment by one bit period (half-symbol
period)
35
the maximum phase shift of the transmitted signal

at any given time is limited to 90o
36
The spectrum of an OQPSK signal is identical

to that of a QPSK signal, hence both signals
occupy the same bandwidth
37
/4 QPSK
/4 QPSK
The /4 shifted QPSK modulation is a quadrature
phase shift keying technique
offers a compromise between OQPSK and QPSK in
terms of the allowed maximum phase transitions.
It may be demodulated in a coherent or

noncoherent fashion.
greatly simplifies receiver design.
In /4 QPSK, the maximum phase change is limited

to 135o
in the presence of multipath spread and fading, /4
QPSK performs better than OQPSK
38
39
40
41
Constant Envelope Modulation Methods

Constant Envelope as compared to AM
Linear: Amplitude of the signal varies according to
the message signal.
Constant Envelope: The amplitude of the carrier is
constant, regardless of the variation in the message
signal. It is the phase that changes.
42
Benefits of Constant Envelope

Power efficient
low out-of-band radiation of the order of -60dB
to -70 dB
Simpler receiver design can be used.
High immunity against random FM noise and
Rayleigh fading.
Disadvantage of Constant Envelope

Occupies larger bandwidth than linear
modulation.
43
44
45
In the figure above, MSK is a type constant

envelope modulation.
MSK has lower sidelobes than QPSK
23 dB vs. 10 dB
MSK has larger null-to-null BW than QPSK
1.5 Rb vs. 1.0 Rb
But 99% RF BW is much better than QPSK (1.2 Rb
vs. 8.0 Rb!!)
very low ACI
46
BFSK
BFSK Binary Frequency Shift Keying
Frequency of constant amplitude carrier shifted between
two possible frequencies fH = 1 and fL = 0
f = frequency offset from fc

47
BFSK signal
1
2 Eb
t
s (t )
cos 2f c t 2
Tb
2Tb
Can use a simple method to switch between two

oscillators
but this might cause discontinuities
if the switching between signals is done when either one is not
at a zero value
What problems do discontinuities cause?
48
But the phase between bits can be made to be

continuous
no discontinuity constant envelope retained
if we design the circuits based on the definition of
FM from before:
Then even if the message signal m () is discontinuous,

the integral of it will not be and the signal will then be
continuous.
But this is more complicated than simply switching
between two oscillators.
49
BFSK BW
If B = baseband BW of the message signal
RF BW = 2 f + 2 B
Assume that first null BW is used, the BW of rectangular pulses
is B=R
RF BW = 2 f + 2 R
BER for Coherent detection of BFSK

Pe , FSK
Eb
No
50
MSK
MSK Minimum Shift Keying
Specific type of continuous phase (CP) FSK
Special condition: Peak frequency deviation is of
the bit rate, so f = 0.25 Rb
This is a smaller frequency separation (half that of
conventional FSK) and has easier detection.
It possesses properties such as:
constant envelope
spectral efficiency
good BER performance
self-synchronizing capability.
51
52
53
An MSK signal can

be thought of as a
special form of
OQPSK where the
baseband rectangular
pulses are replaced
with half-sinusoidal
pulses during a period
of 2T
54
can be deduced that

MSK has a constant amplitude.
Phase continuity at the bit transition periods is
ensured by choosing the carrier frequency to be an
integral multiple of one fourth the bit rate, 1/4T.
the MSK signal is an FSK signal with binary
signaling frequencies of fc + 1/4T and fc - 1/4T.
55
MSK RF signal BW
MSK has lower sidelobes than QPSK 23 dB vs. 10 dB
MSK has larger null-to-null BW than QPSK 1.5 Rb vs. 1.0 Rb
But 99% RF BW is much better than QPSK (1.2 Rb vs. 8.0 Rb !!)
very low ACI
Very popular modulation scheme for mobile radio
56
GMSK
GMSK Gaussian MSK
The spectral efficiency of MSK is further enhanced
by filtering the baseband signal of square pulses
with a Gaussian filter.
57
Further reduces sidelobes.

Designed based on the product of the filter
bandwidth (Bb) and the symbol period (T)
Bb T = corresponds to MSK
GSM uses Bb T = 0.3, which defines the bandwidth
of the Gaussian filter
The smaller the value of Bb T, however, the higher
the error rates.
Sacrifices the irreducible error rate in exchange for
extremely good spectral efficiency and constant
envelop properties
58
GMSK premodulation filter has an impulse response

given by
2
2
hG (t )
exp 2 t

H G ( f ) exp( 2 f 2 )
ln 2 0.5887
B
2B
59
Summary: OQPSK (IS-95) and GMSK (GSM) are the two

main modulation methods for 2G systems.
60

Modulation: Encoding Information in A Baseband Signal and Then Translating (Shifting) Signal To Much Higher Frequency Prior To Transmission

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Modulation: Encoding Information in A Baseband Signal and Then Translating (Shifting) Signal To Much Higher Frequency Prior To Transmission

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Modulation: Encoding Information in A Baseband Signal and Then Translating (Shifting) Signal To Much Higher Frequency Prior To Transmission

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction

Modulation: Encoding information in a baseband

Choice of digital modulation scheme

2) resistance to interference (ACI & CCI) & multipath

No existing modulation scheme simultaneously

Power Efficiency p : ability of a modulation

Bandwidth Efficiency B : ability of a modulation

Tradeoff between data rate and occupied BW

B : half-power (-3 dB) BW

FCC definition of occupied BW BW contains

Linear Modulation Methods

Phase transitions force carrier amplitude to

Probability of Bit Error is proportional to the

d is distance between nearest constellation points.

Q(x) is the Q-function, the area under a normalized Gaussian

Appendix F, Fig. F.1

Called Synchronous or Coherent detection

Bit information determined by transition between

If {mk} is the message, the output {dk} is as shown

can also be described in modulo-2 arithmetic d k mk d k 1

Same BW properties as BPSK, uses same amount of spectrum

Note that we choose binary representations so

Constant amplitude with four different phases

Now we have two basis functions

null-to-null RF BW = Rb = 2RS (2 bits / one symbol time) = 2 / Ts

BER is once again related to the distance

d is distance between nearest constellation points.

How does BER performance compare to

QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques

OQPSK ensures there are fewer baseband signal

Example above: First symbol (00) at 0, and the

Using an offset approach: First symbol (00) at 0,

In QPSK signaling, the bit transitions of the

the maximum phase shift of the transmitted signal

The spectrum of an OQPSK signal is identical

It may be demodulated in a coherent or

In /4 QPSK, the maximum phase change is limited

Constant Envelope Modulation Methods

Benefits of Constant Envelope

Disadvantage of Constant Envelope

In the figure above, MSK is a type constant

f = frequency offset from fc

Can use a simple method to switch between two

But the phase between bits can be made to be

Then even if the message signal m () is discontinuous,

BER for Coherent detection of BFSK

It possesses properties such as:

An MSK signal can

can be deduced that

Further reduces sidelobes.

GMSK premodulation filter has an impulse response

Summary: OQPSK (IS-95) and GMSK (GSM) are the two

You might also like