VAMSI KRISHNA

DATA NETWORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

HW ASSIGNMENT 1

(Q8) Describe the seven layers in the OSI network model & what they do.

The Open Source Interconnection (OSI) model has 7 layers namely

Physical Layer.

Structure - The Physical layer consists of the physical structure of the medium which could

include: cables, hubs, etc., consists mainly of BITS.

Function - concerned with transmission and reception over the physical medium

Data Link layer.

Structure has frames of data. Frames usually consist of the MAC address and the LLC.

Function Provides error-free transfer of data frames from one node to another from the

Physical layer.

Network layer.

Structure Has Packets of information which contain the IP address.

Function controls the operation of the subnet, deciding which physical path the data takes. It

also establishes and terminates logical link between nodes.

Transport Layer.

Structure - has the Segments - TCP Host to host and Flow control.

Function Ensures that messages are delivered error-free, in sequence and with no losses and

duplications.
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DATA NETWORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
HW ASSIGNMENT 1

Session layer.

Session layer comes under the Data Unit of the OSI model.

Function The main function of the session layer includes session establishment between

the processes running on different stations.

Presentation Layer.

The presentation layer is the Syntax layer. The syntax layer mostly encrypts and decrypts data.

Function Formats the data to be presented to the Application layer. It can be viewed as the

Translator for the network.

Application layer.

The application layer is the end user layer that opens what was sent or creates what needs to be

sent.

Function Serves as the window for users and application processes to access the network

services.
 VAMSI KRISHNA
DATA NETWORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
HW ASSIGNMENT 1

(Q9) Describe the five layers in the Internet network model & what they do.

The Physical Layer.

The main function of the physical layer is to manage the physical connection between the

sender and receiver, including the hardware.

The Data Link Layer.

The data link layer setups the message to indicate where it starts and ends, decides when to

transmit it over the physical medium and identifies and corrects any transmission errors

The Network Layer.

The network layer takes the message generated by the application layer and if necessary, breaks

it into several smaller messages. It then reports the messages and governs their route through

the network, and information before passing it to the data link layer.

The Transport Layer

The main function of the transport layer is dealing with issues and procedures for entering and

departing from the network, by establishing, maintaining, and terminating logical connections

for the transfer of data between the original sender and the destination of the message.

The Application Layer

This is the application used by the end user.

 VAMSI KRISHNA
DATA NETWORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
HW ASSIGNMENT 1

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 VAMSI KRISHNA
DATA NETWORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
HW ASSIGNMENT 1

(Q10) Explain how a message is transmitted from one computer to another using layers.

The first layer is the application layer it controls what data is submitted and deals with

communication links such as establishing authority, identifying communication partners and

the level of privacy.

The presentation layer performs encryption and decryption of data, data compression and

translation between different data formats. This layer is also concerned about displaying

formatting and editing user inputs and outputs.

The session layer as the name suggests deals with organisation of the session. The layer creates

the connection between the applicants, enforces the rules for carrying session and if the session

does fail the layer will try to reinstate the connection. If either party fails to send information

the session layer provides a synchronisation point so the communication can continue.

The transport layer ensures that a reliable channel exists between the communicating

computers. The layer creates smaller easy to handle packets of data ready for transmission in

the data link layer, it will also translate the address into a numeric address ready for better

handling on the lower levels. The protocols that the transport layer uses must be kept the same

in all computers. It is in this layer that TCP is used this protocol allows computers running

different applications and environments to communicate effectively.

The network layer routes the data from node to node around the network as multiple nodes in

the network exist and will avoid a computer if it not passing packets on.

The data link layer manages the physical transmission in next layer. The data link layer decides

when to transmit messages over the devices and cabling. The data link layer also allocates stop

and start markers onto the message and detects and eliminates any errors that occur during
 VAMSI KRISHNA
DATA NETWORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
HW ASSIGNMENT 1

transmission. A protocol called and Ethernet frame is wrapped around the message and passed

onto the physical layer.

In the physical layer that the Ethernet frame is transferred into a digital signal consisting of a

series of ones and zeros (Binary) and through cabling the website request message is sent to

the website server. When the server receives the web request message the whole process is

reversed. The Ethernet frame is unpacked going back through each layer until it reaches the

application layer and the message is read.

 VAMSI KRISHNA
DATA NETWORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
HW ASSIGNMENT 1

Exercise (F)

RFC link: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-selander-ace-eals/?include_text=1

Type Active Internet-Draft (individual)

Last updated 2017-09-11

Stream (None)

RFC RFC7030

Enrolment with Application Layer Security

Enrolment is more challenging in the IoT as things are resource-constrained and traditional

enrolment techniques are not compatible with recent IoT security protocols.

Security at the application layer provides an attractive option for protecting Internet of Things

deployments, in constrained environments and when using Constrained

Application Protocols (CoAP) which is a network protocol for constrained devices.

For example, where transport layer security is not sufficient or where it is beneficial that the

security protocol is independent of lower layers, such as when securing CoAP over mixed

transport protocols.

Application layer security protocols suitable for constrained devices are in development,

including the secure communication protocol Object Security of CoAP. It defines an

extension to the Constrained Application Protocol providing encryption protection end-to-end

between CoAP client and server based on a shared secret.

The document describes Enrolment with Application Layer Security, a certificate enrolment

protocol using Object Security CoAP as a secure channel.

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DATA NETWORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
HW ASSIGNMENT 1

MINICASES II.

1. Atlas advertising is in Boston, New York, Providence, Washington, D.C. and Philly,
all of them more than several Miles away. In order for them to all be connected to the
same network they need to be working on implementing a WAN. Wide Area
Networks are spread over the whole country and If the company plans on expanding
in to a new state, WAN would be the perfect option for them to stay connected as a
unit.

Internally, If the Offices in each of the Region want to be connected, A LAN should
be implemented to connect all the Employee computers within the office.

2. Protocols that need to be implemented at each layer:

#Application Layer HTTP and HTML for accessing the internet and emails within the

office.

#Transport Layer TCP to monitor traffic congestions

# Data Link Layer Ethernet (LAN) for Internal connections in the office.

Frame Relay (WAN) to keep all the offices connected on the same network

# Physical Layer RS-232 cable for fast data transmission. (LAN)