Properties of Fluids Unit Dimensions

14 September 2015
Language Lab 4, MJIIT
Properties of Fluids & Unit

Dimensions
Malaysia-Japan International
Institute of Technology
Fluid Mechanics
The branch that deals with bodies at rest
is STATIC.
The branch that deals with bodies in
ma
motion is DYNAMICS.
Bodies in motion of incompressible fluids (at
low speed) is known as HYDRODYNAMICS.
Fluid undergoes significant density changes is
known as GAS DYNAMICS.
Flow of gases (especially air) over bodies at
high and low speeds is known as
AERODYNAMICS.
States of Matter
Three common states of matter are solid,
liquid, and gas
A fluid is either a liquid or a gas

3
Classes of Fluids
Liquids and gasses Whats the difference?
Liquids: Close
packed, strong
cohesive forces,
retains volume, has
free surface
Gasses: Widely
spaced,
weak cohesive
forces,
free to expand
Free Surface
Liquid
Expands
Gas
4
Common Fluids
Liquids:
water, oil, mercury, gasoline, alcohol
Gasses:
air, helium, hydrogen, steam
Borderline:
jelly, asphalt, lead, toothpaste, paint
Fluid as a Continuum
Fluids are aggregates of molecules
Widely spaced: gasses
Closely spaced: liquids
Intermolecular distance is large

compared to molecular diameter
Molecules move freely
Air at STP:
dV*=10-9 mm3 and
contains 3x107 molecules
Continuum hypothesis
6
Continuum Hypothesis
Continuum, anything that goes
through a gradual transition from one
condition, to a different condition,
without any abrupt changes
Moluecular
Variations
Spatial
Variations
*
=
1200
V*
V
7
What is Fluid?
Formal definition of a fluid - A fluid is a
substance which deforms continuously
under the application of a shear stress.
Fluid particles are free to move among
themselves and give way (flow) under the
slightest tangential (shear) force
Shear Stress,
Solid
Fluid
Definition of stress
Definition of stress - A stress is defined as a force per
unit area, acting on an infinitesimal surface element.
Stresses have both magnitude (force per unit area)
and direction, and the direction is relative to the
surface on which the stress acts.
There are normal stresses and tangential stresses.
Pressure is an example of a normal stress, and acts
inward, toward the surface, and perpendicular to the
surface.
A shear stress is an example of a tangential stress,
i.e. it acts along the surface, parallel to the surface.
Friction due to fluid viscosity is the primary source of
shear stresses in a fluid.
Shear Stress
Definition of shear stress - Shear stress is defined
as a force per unit area, acting parallel to an
infinitesimal surface element. Shear stress is
primarily caused by friction between fluid particles,
due to fluid viscosity.
Fluids at rest cannot resist a shear stress; in other
words, when a shear stress is applied to a fluid at
rest, the fluid will not remain at rest, but will move
because of the shear stress.
10
Various Stress vs Shear Stress
11
Fluids Behavior
When a shear stress is applied:
Fluids continuously deform
Solids deform or bend
12
Concept of Fluid
Fluids are gases and liquids.
A solid can resist a shear stress, a fluid cannot.
A liquid is almost incompressible.
A given mass of liquid occupies a fixed volume,
irrespective of the size or shape of its container.
A free surface is formed if the volume of the
container is greater than that of the liquid.
13
Concept of Fluid (cont.)

A gas is comparatively easy to compress.
Changes of gas pressure and volume are
often accompanied by a change in
temperature.
A given mass of gas has no fixed volume and
will expand continuously unless restrained by
a containing vessel.
A gas will completely fill any vessel in which it
is placed and, therefore, does not form a free
surface.
14
What is Fluid again?

a substance which deforms
continuously under the action of shearing
forces however small.
unable to retain any unsupported
shape; it flows under its own weight and
takes up the shape of any enclosing
container
15
Dimensions & Units
Dimensions and Units

Systems of Units
M, L, t, T
SI (kg, m, s, K)
F, L, t, T
British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)
F, M, L, t, T
English Engineering (lbf, lbm, ft, s, oR)
17
Units
Preferred Systems of Units
SI (kg, m, s, K)
British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)
18
Conversion
Primary
Dimension
SI Unit
British
Gravitational
(BG) Unit
English
Engineering
(EE) Unit
Mass [M]
Kilogram (kg)
Slug
Pound-mass
(lbm)
Length [L]
Meter (m)
Foot (ft)
Foot (ft)
Time [T]
Second (s)
Second (s)
Second (s)
Temperature []
Kelvin (K)
Rankine (R)
Rankine (R)
Force [F]
Newton
(1N=1 kg.m/s2)
Pound (lb)
Pound-force (lbf)
Conversion factors are available in the textbook.

19
Units of Force: Newtons Law F=m.g

SI system: Base dimensions are Length, Time, Mass,
Temperature
A Newton is the force which when applied to a mass of 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1
m/s2.
Newton is a derived unit: 1N = (1Kg).(1m/s2)
BG system: Base dimensions are Length, Force, Time,

Temperature
A slug is the mass which produces an acceleration of 1 ft/s 2 when a force of 1lb is applied on it:
Slug is a derived unit: 1slug=(1lb) (s2)/(ft)
EE system: Base dimensions are Length, Time, Mass, Force

and Temperature
The pound-force (lbf) is defined as the force which accelerates 1pound-mass (lb m), 32.174 ft/s2.
20
Units of Force: EE System

To make Newtons law dimensionally consistent we
must include a dimensional proportionality constant:
g
F m
gc
where
(lb m )( ft )
g c 32.1740
2
(lb f )( s)
21
Example
An astronaut weighs 730N in Houston, TX,
where the local acceleration of gravity is
g=9.792 m/s2. What is the mass of the
astronaut? What is his weight on the moon,
where g=1.67 m/s2?
Redo the same problem in EE units. In EE units

the astronaut weighs 164.1lbf, gHouston=32.13 ft/s2
and gmoon=5.48 ft/s2.
22
Dimensional Homogeneity
All theoretically derived equations are dimensionally
homogeneous: dimensions of the left side of the
equation must be the same as those on the right side.
Some empirical formulas used in engineering practice
are not dimensionally homogeneous
All equations must use consistent units: each term must
have the same units. Answers will be incorrect if the
units in the equation are not consistent. Always chose
the system of units prior to solving the problem
23
Ideal Gas Law

Equation of state
pV nRnT
p RT ,
R Rn / M
Rn
= universal gas constant
= molecular weight of the gas
Measures of Fluid Mass & Weight

Density of a fluid, (rho), is the amount of mass per
unit volume of a substance:
=m/V
( P, T )
For liquids, weak function of temperature and pressure

For gases: strong function of T and P
from ideal gas law: r = P M/R T

where R = universal gas constant, M=mol. weight
R= 8.314 J/(g-mole K)=0.08314 (liter bar)/(g-mole K)=
0.08206 (liter atm)/(g-mole K)=1.987 (cal)/(g-mole K)=
10.73 (psia ft3)/(lb-mole R)=0.7302 (atm ft3)/(lb-mole R)
25
Measures of Fluid Mass & Weight

Specific volume:
=1/
Specific weight is the amount of weight per unit

volume of a substance: = w / V = g
Specific Gravity (independent of system of units)
SG
H 2O @ 4 C
Density - Mass
Mass per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)
Water
water = 1000 kg/m3
Mercury Hg
Air
air
= 13,500 kg/m3
= 1.22 kg/m3
Densities of gasses increase with pressure

Densities of liquids are nearly constant
(incompressible) for constant temperature
Specific volume = 1/density
27
Specific Weight
g
[ N / m 3 ] or [lbf / ft 3 ]
Weight per unit volume (e.g., @ 20oC, 1 atm)

water = (998 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s)
air
= 9790 N/m3
[= 62.4 lbf/ft3]
= (1.205 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s)
= 11.8 N/m3
[= 0.0752 lbf/ft3]
28
Specific Gravity
Ratio of fluid density to density at STP
(e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)
SGliquid
SGgas
liquid
water
gas
air
liquid
9790 kg / m
gas
1.205 kg / m 3
Water
SGwater = 1
Mercury
SGHg = 13.6
Air
SGair = 1
29
APPROXIMATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMON

LIQUIDS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
30
Temperature
difficult to define or measure
a characteristic of matter which serves as a
driving potential for energy transfer as heat;
energy is transferred from the body at the higher
temperature to the body at the lower
temperature.
Temperature scales:
Celsius, Fahrenheit, Rankine, Kelvin,
thermodynamic, ideal gas
31
Pressure
is a force per unit area exerted by the
fluid
is pressure a stress?
unit: Pa, bar, atm or psi?
use: absolute, gauge or vacuum
pressure?
manometer or barometer?
32
Bourdon Pressure Gauges
Measures pressure relative to ambient

atmospheric pressure.
33
Barometer
Vacuum
patmos
Standard Atmospheric
Pressure
760 mmHg = 10.33 mH2O
Mercury Hg
34
Density & Specific Volume

liquids: constant
gases: Ideal-gas equation of state
at low densities:
i.e. high temperatures
and low pressures
pv RT
p
RT
35
Heat
is a form of energy transfer across a
boundary of a system at a given temperature
to another system (or the surroundings) at
lower temperature by virtue of the temperature
difference between the two systems
Sign convention for heat:

positive - added to the system
negative - removed from the system
36
Work
is a form of energy transfer by the action
of a macroscopically measurable force on
matter
(organized microscopic work)
Sign convention for work:

positive - done on the system
negative done by the system
37
Viscosity
Fluids move under influence of
applied shear
38
Dynamic viscosity
The shear stress on the plate is:
A
More generally: Newton's law of
viscosity
dU

dy
Dynamic viscosity (pronounced:

mew)
Shear Stress in Moving Fluids

y
= viscosity (or dynamic viscosity) kg/ms

= kinematic viscosity m2/s
40
Kinematic viscosity
The ratio appears in many equations.
Kinematic viscosity (pronounced: new)
Gases: Viscosity increases with

increasing temperature, why?
Liquids: Viscosity decreases with
increasing temperature, why?
41
Surface Tension
Force at interface between liquid and
solid or liquid and gas.
F 2L
is the surface tension coefficient.

42
Surface Tension (cont.)
43
Wetting/ Contact Angle

a) Liquid which wets a solid surface well, e.g. water
on a very clean copper.
b) Partial wetting.
c) Liquid which does not wet a solid surface, e.g.
water on teflon or mercury on clean glass.
44
Capillarity
Caused by surface tension and depends on
the relative magnitude of cohesion of the
liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the
walls of the containing vessel.
4 cos
h
dg
45
Examples of Surface Tension

= 0.073 N/m (air/water at 15 C)
Capillarity
Liquid jet break-up - droplets

46
Blowing Bubbles in Water
pw
pa
d
47
3D steady
flow
48
Terima Kasih
- Arigatou Gozaimasu-
49

Properties of Fluids Unit Dimensions

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14 September 2015

Language Lab 4, MJIIT

Properties of Fluids & Unit

A fluid is either a liquid or a gas

Intermolecular distance is large

Various Stress vs Shear Stress

Concept of Fluid (cont.)

What is Fluid again?

Dimensions & Units

Dimensions and Units

British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)

Conversion factors are available in the textbook.

Units of Force: Newtons Law F=m.g

BG system: Base dimensions are Length, Force, Time,

EE system: Base dimensions are Length, Time, Mass, Force

Units of Force: EE System

Redo the same problem in EE units. In EE units

Ideal Gas Law

= universal gas constant

= molecular weight of the gas

Measures of Fluid Mass & Weight

For liquids, weak function of temperature and pressure

from ideal gas law: r = P M/R T

Measures of Fluid Mass & Weight

Specific weight is the amount of weight per unit

water = 1000 kg/m3

Densities of gasses increase with pressure

Weight per unit volume (e.g., @ 20oC, 1 atm)

APPROXIMATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMON

Bourdon Pressure Gauges

Measures pressure relative to ambient

Density & Specific Volume

Sign convention for heat:

Sign convention for work:

Dynamic viscosity (pronounced:

Shear Stress in Moving Fluids

= viscosity (or dynamic viscosity) kg/ms

Gases: Viscosity increases with

is the surface tension coefficient.

Surface Tension (cont.)

Wetting/ Contact Angle

Examples of Surface Tension

Liquid jet break-up - droplets

Blowing Bubbles in Water

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