Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 67 views

    EE 230: Optical Fiber Communication Lecture 15: From The Movie

    Uploaded by

    mofiw
    This document provides an overview of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) components. It discusses the ITU grid which defines WDM wavelengths, and classifies components as either active or passive. It then describes common platform technologies for WDM components, such as discrete optics, all-fiber components, and planar lightwave circuits. Specific components like couplers, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, and arrayed waveguide gratings are explained. Examples are provided to illustrate how these components function and are designed. Thermal drift issues are also summarized along with common athermalization techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    EE 230: Optical Fiber Communication Lecture 15: From The Movie

    Uploaded by

    mofiw
    67 views24 pages
    This document provides an overview of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) components. It discusses the ITU grid which defines WDM wavelengths, and classifies components as either active or passive. It then describes common platform technologies for WDM components, such as discrete optics, all-fiber components, and planar lightwave circuits. Specific components like couplers, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, and arrayed waveguide gratings are explained. Examples are provided to illustrate how these components function and are designed. Thermal drift issues are also summarized along with common athermalization techniques.

    Original Description:

    Lecture 15

    Original Title

    Lecture 15

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) components. It discusses the ITU grid which defines WDM wavelengths, and classifies components as either active or passive. It then describes common platform technologies for WDM components, such as discrete optics, all-fiber components, and planar lightwave circuits. Specific components like couplers, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, and arrayed waveguide gratings are explained. Examples are provided to illustrate how these components function and are designed. Thermal drift issues are also summarized along with common athermalization techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    67 views24 pages

    EE 230: Optical Fiber Communication Lecture 15: From The Movie

    Uploaded by

    mofiw
    This document provides an overview of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) components. It discusses the ITU grid which defines WDM wavelengths, and classifies components as either active or passive. It then describes common platform technologies for WDM components, such as discrete optics, all-fiber components, and planar lightwave circuits. Specific components like couplers, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, and arrayed waveguide gratings are explained. Examples are provided to illustrate how these components function and are designed. Thermal drift issues are also summarized along with common athermalization techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 24

    EE 230: Optical Fiber Communication Lecture 15

    WDM Components

    From the movie


    Warriors of the Net

    ITU Grid
    Wavelengths for CWDM and frequencies for
    DWDM defined by International
    Telecommunication Union, a part of the United
    Nations located in Geneva
    Central frequency is 193.1 THz, equivalent to
    1552.52 nm
    Frequencies for 50 GHz channel spacings are
    thus defined as 193.1 + 0.05n THz where n is
    a positive or negative integer

    Active vs. Passive Devices


    Passive: requires no electrical power
    and transfer function cannot be
    modified by user
    Active: allows user to manipulate what
    it does to light pulses. Requires power.

    Platforms for WDM components


    Discrete optics: thin-film filters,
    microelectromechanical systems
    (MEMS), isolators, circulators
    All-fiber components: couplers, MachZehnder interferometers
    Planar lightwave circuits (PLC):
    arrayed-waveguide gratings (AWG),
    couplers, MZs, etc.

    Coupler parameters
    Splitting ratio: P2/(P1+P2)
    Excess loss: 10 log (P0/P1+P2)
    Insertion loss: 10 log (Pin/Pout)
    Crosstalk: 10 log (P3/P0)

    Coupling as function of length

    P2 P0 sin z e
    2

    Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

    c
    2neff L

    where neff is determined from the Pcore/P graphs

    Multiplexing/demultiplexing criterion
    1 1
    2neff
    L
    1 2
    where L is the path length difference
    between the two arms

    Wavelength dependence of MZ output


    For wavelengths 1 entering at input port 1, and
    2 entering at input port 2,

    nL
    2 nL
    cos

    PO1 sin
    1
    2
    2

    Wavelength adjustment (trim)


    Coarse adjustment possible with fiber
    MZs by heating and pulling shorter arm
    to increase channel spacing
    Fine adjustment for both fiber and PLCs
    done with UV irradiation to line
    transmission peaks up with ITU grid

    Example
    To multiplex four wavelengths separated
    by 50 GHz (0.4 nm)
    How many stages needed?
    2. (log2 W). How many total MZs?
    3. Two in one stage, one in the next.
    What is L for each stage?

    Example, continued
    If first frequency is ITU center, what are
    other three, and their wavelengths?
    193.10, 193.15, 193.20, and 193.25 THz
    1552.52, 1552.12, 1551.72, and 1551.32
    nm
    If neff=1.45, determine L values

    Example, continued
    First stages have 100 GHz channel
    spacing, one for even-numbered
    wavelengths and one for odd. L
    equals c/2n(100x109)=1.0 mm
    Second stages have 50 GHz channel
    spacing. L =c/2n(50x109)=2.1 mm
    As channel spacing gets smaller, it gets
    easier to make MZs (larger L)!

    General MZ expression
    For a multiplexer or demultiplexer with N
    wavelengths, you need n=log2N stages where
    the path length difference for stage i is

    c
    Li n i
    2 n

    Arrayed-Waveguide Grating

    AWG channel spacing

    cdxns nc

    2
    mc L f ng
    where ns=input/output waveguide index,
    nc=central waveguide array index, and

    dnc
    ng nc
    d

    Tuning an AWG
    Each input waveguide corresponds to a
    different center wavelength and channel
    spacing. Several waveguides around
    the center one will correspond to the
    correct channel spacing within the
    tolerance, and the peak wavelengths
    will vary from one waveguide to
    another.

    WDM Muxes and Demuxes

    Grating Based Demultiplexer

    Optical Filters

    Interference Filter Based WDM

    Thermal drift in waveguide devices

    nL
    L
    n
    1 n
    1 L 1 n

    T nL T
    nL T
    T
    n T
    L T n T

    n/T for silica=7.5x10-6 per degree


    for silicon=2.63 ppm per degree
    d/dT = 12 pm per degree (red shift)
    2/3 due to thermooptic effect, 1/3 to CTE

    Effect of thermal drift


    Channel spacing=100 GHz=0.8 nm=800 pm
    DWDM device completely transparent every
    800 pm, opaque between
    Silica-on-silicon drifts 12 pm/
    Device becomes a beam stop if temperature
    changes by ?
    33! Passive devices routinely T stabilized;
    customers unhappy

    Athermalization Techniques
    Mechanical compensation: flex entire
    chip, adjust point at which signal
    injected into device
    Materials compensation: design
    waveguide to be inherently athermal

    You might also like