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    Ultrasonic Based Distance Measurement System

    Uploaded by

    Aman
    This document describes an ultrasonic-based distance measurement system. It uses ultrasonic sensors to transmit sound waves and measure the time it takes for the echo to return, allowing it to calculate the distance to the target object. The key components are an ultrasonic module, microcontroller, and LCD display. The ultrasonic module sends and receives ultrasonic pulses while the microcontroller triggers the module and calculates distance based on the echo return time. It then displays the distance reading on the LCD screen. The system is low-cost and can be used for applications like object detection, dimension measurement, and collision avoidance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ultrasonic Based Distance Measurement System

    Uploaded by

    Aman
    249 views18 pages
    This document describes an ultrasonic-based distance measurement system. It uses ultrasonic sensors to transmit sound waves and measure the time it takes for the echo to return, allowing it to calculate the distance to the target object. The key components are an ultrasonic module, microcontroller, and LCD display. The ultrasonic module sends and receives ultrasonic pulses while the microcontroller triggers the module and calculates distance based on the echo return time. It then displays the distance reading on the LCD screen. The system is low-cost and can be used for applications like object detection, dimension measurement, and collision avoidance.

    Original Description:

    full presentation on how ultrasonic distance measurement works

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document describes an ultrasonic-based distance measurement system. It uses ultrasonic sensors to transmit sound waves and measure the time it takes for the echo to return, allowing it to calculate the distance to the target object. The key components are an ultrasonic module, microcontroller, and LCD display. The ultrasonic module sends and receives ultrasonic pulses while the microcontroller triggers the module and calculates distance based on the echo return time. It then displays the distance reading on the LCD screen. The system is low-cost and can be used for applications like object detection, dimension measurement, and collision avoidance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    249 views18 pages

    Ultrasonic Based Distance Measurement System

    Uploaded by

    Aman
    This document describes an ultrasonic-based distance measurement system. It uses ultrasonic sensors to transmit sound waves and measure the time it takes for the echo to return, allowing it to calculate the distance to the target object. The key components are an ultrasonic module, microcontroller, and LCD display. The ultrasonic module sends and receives ultrasonic pulses while the microcontroller triggers the module and calculates distance based on the echo return time. It then displays the distance reading on the LCD screen. The system is low-cost and can be used for applications like object detection, dimension measurement, and collision avoidance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    ULTRASONIC BASED

    DISTANCE
    MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

    CONTENT

    INTRODUCTION
    PROPERTIES OF ULTRASOUND
    ULTRASONIC AS DISTANCE SENSOR
    IMPORTANT COMPONENTS AND THEIR
    FUNCTION
    OVERALL WORKING PRINCIPLE
    BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR ULTRASONIC BASED
    DISTANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
    APPLICATION
    CONCLUSION

    INTRODUCTION
    The techniques of distance measurement using
    ultrasonic in air include continuous wave and
    pulse echo technique. In the pulse echo method, a
    burst of pulses is sent through the transmission
    medium and is reflected by an object kept at
    specified distance.
    This project is used to measure the distance by
    using ultrasonic sensors. It works by transmitting
    ultrasonic waves at 40 kHz. Then, the transducers
    will measure the amount of time taken for a pulse
    of sound travel to a particular surfaces and return
    as the reflected echo.

    PROPERTIES OF ULTRASOUND
    Frequency higher than 20 000Hz(far above the human
    auditory range )
    A medium is needed for sound waves to go through, no
    medium = no sound waves.
    Ultrasonic generators use piezo-electric materials such
    as zinc or lead zirconium tartrates or quartz crystal.
    Higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, which
    allow them to reflect from objects more readily and to
    provide better information about those objects.

    ULTRASONIC AS DISTANCE SENSOR


    Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers
    when they both send and receive) work on a
    principle, which evaluate attributes of a target by
    interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves
    respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high
    frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo
    which is received back by the sensor. Sensors
    calculate the time interval between sending the
    signal and receiving the echo to determine the
    distance to an object.

    ULTRASONIC AS DISTANCE SENSOR


    (CONT.)
    Sound field of a non focusing 4MHz ultrasonic
    transducer with the transducer surface having a
    spherical curvature.

    IMPORTANT COMPONENTS
    AND THEIR FUNCTION
    ULTRASONIC MODULE
    MICROCONTROLLER
    LCD DISPLAY

    ULTRASONIC MODULE
    Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04 provides 2cm - 400cm
    non-contact measurement function, The modules includes
    ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit.The project
    is build around 8051 basedmicrocontroller. The distance is
    displayed on LCD. The working of the ultrasonic sensors is
    quite simple and they are easy to interface with the
    microcontroller.
    The sensor module has 4-pins out of which Pin-1 and Pin-4 are
    +Vcc and Gnd respectively.Pin-2 is Trigger and Pin-3 is Echo
    pin.When a High pulse of 10us is applied at TRIG pin, the
    ultrasonic transmitter sends 8 consecutive pulses of 40kHz
    frequency. As the Eighth pulse is sent ,the ECHO pin of the
    sensor becomes HIGH. Now when the ultrasonic waves reflect
    from any surface and are received by the Receiver, the ECHO
    pin becomes LOW.

    MICROCONTROLLER
    Microcontroller is an electronic device which is used as a computing unit or
    arithmetic unit like a computer.
    It has internally 4K ROM.
    It has 128 Bytes on chip RAM.
    Two 16bit TIMER or COUNTER to count the internal or external pulses.
    One FULL DUPLEX UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmit) for
    SERIAL communication where TxD stands for TRANSMIT DATA and RxD
    received data.
    Four ON-CHIP I/O port (P0,P1,P2,P3),each are 8bitwise.So microcontroller
    have 32bit I/O lines, where P0,P2 are used for address and data bus as
    well as I/O port.P1 port is used only as I/O port and P3 is used for various
    job purpose.
    INTERRUPTs: interrupts are six-two external, three internal and RESET is
    another interrupt.
    On chip bus controller which controls all the buses.
    On chip oscillator circuit.
    8bit CPU optimization for process control. It may be used as an ALU or
    data processing unit.
    On chip interrupt controller which have three internal interrupts and two
    external interrupt .From these five only one interrupt goes to CPU.
    The operating frequency 12MHZ.

    BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER


    8051

    Interfacing LCD display with


    Microcontroller:
    Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) consists of rod-shaped tiny molecules
    sandwiched between a flat piece of glass and an opaque substrate.
    These rod-shaped molecules in between the plates align into two
    different physical positions based on the electric charge applied to
    them. When electric charge is applied they align to block the light
    entering through them, where as when no-charge is applied they
    become transparent.
    Light passing through makes the desired images appear. This is the
    basic concept behind LCD displays.LCDs are most commonly used
    because of their advantages over other display technologies. They are
    thin and flat and consume very small amount of power compared to
    LED displays and cathode ray tubes (CRTs).

    OVERALL WORKING
    PRINCIPLE
    With an ultrasonic transducer, the waves propagate out from
    the transducer face with a circular wave front, these waves
    travel through the medium until they encounter any obstacles
    in its path, owing to their shorter wavelength, they are readily
    reflected back by these obstacles , these reflected waves are
    picked up by the receiver circuit, these signals are amplified
    several times . The board can easily be interfaced to
    microcontrollers where the triggering and measurement can be
    done using one output pulse that corresponds to the time
    required for the burst echo I/O pin. The sensor transmits an
    ultrasonic wave and produces an to return to the sensor. By
    measuring the echo pulse width,the distance to target can
    easily be calculated. The reflected signal is detected by the
    receiver, at this time microcontroller acts as a input so it takes
    signal from receiver and it calculates the distance when the
    signal is coming from object to receiver and that distance is
    displayed on LCD 16*2 through microcontroller.

    Block Diagram for Ultrasonic Based


    Distance Measurement System

    WORKING(CONT.)
    12 milliseconds is the time taken for the
    ultrasound waves to travel a maximum
    distance of 4 meters (time of flight gives
    twice the time taken to traverse a unit
    distance
    This system of distance measurement does
    not require large amount of memory hence a
    40 pin 8051 based microcontroller AT89C51,
    is chosen as the controller with 12MHz clock.
    It performs the operation of giving the
    switching signal, computing the distance,
    converting the hex value to decimal and then
    to ASCII to be displayed in the LCD.

    APPLICATION
    Positioning & Locating :- Distance measurement
    sensors are used to control or indicate the position of
    objects and materials.
    Dimensioning & Selecting :- Distance measurement
    sensors can determine the dimensions of objects such
    as height, width and diameter, using one or more
    sensors. Items can be selected or rejected based on
    their dimensions or profiles.
    Anti-collision detection :- It can be used to detect
    and alert for collision.
    Rescue :- It can be very useful in rescuing anybody
    inside a pithole and also very useful in mining industry.

    CONCLUSION
    The microcontroller with LCD makes it user
    friendly. The circuit can easily been
    implemented on bread board and tested for its
    functionality by varying the distance between
    the transducer and the target. The target
    surface needs to be perpendicular to the
    impinging ultrasound waves. The power level
    of the signal is too low for long range
    measurement. Less hardware are used so
    smaller in size. Inexpensive components used
    so that reduces the cost per unit .

    THANK YOU

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