A Presentation On An Industrial Training Taken at CTTC-Kolkata (BSNL)

A Presentation on an industrial
training taken at CTTCKolkata(BSNL)
Presented by:-
Dhrubajyoti Adak
INTRODUCTION
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) was formed in the year

of 2000 to took over the service providers role from DOT.
Today BSNL has customer base over 9 crores.
It is the fourth largest telecom operator in India.
BSNL is the market leader in broadband, landline and

national transmission network.
BSNL is the only operator covering 5 lakh villages in the

country.
The area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi and

Mumbai.
INDEX
Introduction
History
Signal multiplexing Techniques
PCM
OFC
SDH
GSM
CDMA
Broadband DSL Technology
IP fundamentals
Intelligent networks
ISDN
HISTORY
In 1885 the Indian Telegraph Act has been amended in which

the country is divided into various circles.
In 1984 C-DOT was formed for developing of indigenous

technologies and customer service premises equipment.
In 1986 the VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited) and MTNL

(Mahanagar Telecom Nigam Limited) were set up. The telecom
commission was established in 1989.
TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) was formed in

1997 to assure the investors that the sector would be
regulated in a balance fair manner.
In 2000 DOT corporatized its services wings and created BSNL.
MULTIPLEXING OF SIGNALS
FDM:- The FDM techniques is the process of translating individual

speech circuits (300-3400 Hz) into pre-assigned frequency slots
within the bandwidth of the transmission medium. The frequency
translation is done by amplitude modulation of the audio
frequency with an appropriate carrier frequency. At the output of
the modulator a filter network is connected to select either a lower
or an upper side band. Since the intelligence is carried in either
side band, single side band suppressed carrier mode of AM is used.
TDM:- Basically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more

than sharing a transmission medium by a number of circuits in
time domain by establishing a sequence of time slots during which
individual channels (circuits) can be transmitted. Thus the entire
bandwidth is periodically available to each channel. Normally all
time slots1 are equal in length. Each channel is assigned a time
slot with a specific common repetition period called a frame
interval.
PCM PRINCIPLE
PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number of circuits on

the same transmission medium viz open wire or underground cable
pair or a channel provided by carrier, coaxial, microwave or
satellite system.
To devolve a PCM system few steps are required- Filtering,

Sampling, Quantization, Encoding, Line Coding.
Filtering:- Filters are used to limit the signal between 300-3400Hz.
Sampling:- The amplitude of the sample is depend upon the

amplitude of the input signal at the instant of sampling. The
duration of these sampled pulses is equal to the duration for which
the switch S is closed.
Quantization:- Quantization can be defined as a process of

breaking down a continuous amplitude range into a finite number
of amplitude values or steps.
OPTICAL FIBRE
Optical Fibre is new medium, in which information (voice, Data
or Video) is transmitted through a glass or plastic fibre, in the
form of light, following the transmission sequence give below :
(1)
Information is encoded into electrical signals.
(2)
Electrical signals are converted into light signals.
(3)
Light travels down the fibre.
(4) A detector changes the light signals into electrical

signals.
(5)
Electrical signals are decoded into information.
ADVANTAGES OF OFC
Optical fibers are dielectric.
It is immune to electromagnetic interference.
It has larger bandwidth.
Loss is low and same at all operating speeds.
These are small light weight cables.
Cause it is dielectric it cannot cause fire.
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH OFC
The optical fiber has two concentric layers called the core and the
cladding. The inner core is the light carrying part. The surrounding
cladding provides the difference refractive index that allows total
internal reflection of light through the core. The index of the
cladding is less than 1%, lower than that of the core. Typical values
for example are a core refractive index of 1.47 and a cladding
index of 1.46. Fiber manufacturers control this difference to obtain
desired optical fiber characteristics.
The specific characteristics of light propagation through a fiber

depends on many factors, including
The size of the fiber.
The composition of the fiber.
The light injected into the fiber.
SYNCHRONUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
SDH is a standard technology for

synchronous data transmission on optical
media. It is the international equipment
of optical network. This technology
provides faster and less expensive
network interconnection than traditional
PDH (plesiochronous digital hierarchy).
SDH uses the following synchronous
transport modules (STM) and rates, STM1(155 megabits per second), STM2(622Mbps) and STM-64(10gbps).
PRINCIPLES OF SDH
SDH defines a number of Containers, each corresponding to an

existing plesiochronous rate.
Each container has a Path Overhead added to it. POH provides
network management capability.
All equipment is synchronised to a national clock.
When STM1 payload is full, more network management capability
is added to form the Section Overhead.
SOH remains with payload for the fibre section between
synchronous multiplexers
SOH bytes provide communication channels to cater for OA&M
facilities.
user channels.
protection switching.
section performance
frame alignment
other functions.
GSM
Global System for mobile is a second generation

cellular standard developed to cater voice services
and data delivery using digital modulation.
GSM Services: Tele Services:- includes mobile phones,

emergency calling etc.
DATA services:- includes SMS, fax, voicemail,
electronic mail.
Supplementary services:- I/C & O/G calls, Call
forwarding, call waiting, conference, hand off etc.
GSM ARCHITECHTURE
CALL PROCESSING IN GSM

1 MS sends dialed number
to BSS.
2 BSS sends dialed number
to MSC.
3,4 MSC checks VLR if MSC
allows the service. If so ,
MSC asks BSS to allocate
the call.
5 MSC routes the call to
GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to
local exchange of called
user.
7,8,9,10 Answer back or
ring back tone is routed
CDMA
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a

standard digital air interface claiming 8 to 15
times the capacity of analog.
Multiple access in CDMA: Each users is assigned a unique PN code.

Each users transmit with information by
spreading with unique code
Spread spectrum technology is used.
Users are separated by codes not by time or
frequency slots.
CDMA ARCHITECHTURE
BROARBAND DSL TECHNOLOGY
Broadband DSL allows digital data to be

transferred through copper telephone wires. This
does not interfere with the telephone service itself
as the data is transmitted at a higher frequency
than a voice pone call.
This technology transmits signals to a computer

over short-range radio waves. No wiring is
required.
DSL ARCHITECHTURE
INTERNET PROTOCOL
Internet protocol(IP) specifies the format of the

packets, and the addressing scheme. Most networks
combine IP with higher level protocol called
Transmission Control Protocol(TCP), which establishes
a virtual connection between a destination and a
source.
It allows us to address a package and drop it in the

system, but there is no direct link between the
recipent and the sender.
TCP/IP, on the other hand establishes a connection

between two hosts so the can send messages back
and forth for a period of time.
CONSTRUCTION OF IP
Each IP address has two components

Header
Payload
INTELLIGENT NETWORKS
Intelligent Network is one concept to specify

telecom services, and it has emerged from
technical, buisness and protocol engineering point
of view.
Intelligent networks are used by teleoperators for

creation and management of value added services
in telecom networks.
Originally, IN has been applied in telephone and

voice services, but today its meaning is also
growing in the service integration of mobile and
fixed telephone networks and as gateway to
internet based networks.
IN ARCHITECHTURE
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN) is a set of

communication standards for simultaneousdigital
transmission of voice, video, data, and other network
services over the traditional circuits of thePSTN.
It provides a faster data transmission rate than

modems by using 64-kbps bearer channel. And also
offers faster call set-up.
ISDN consists of some devices

Terminal Adapter(TA)
Terminal Equipment Type 1(TE1)
Terminal Equipment Type 2(TE2)
Network Termination type 1 & 2(NT1 and NT2)
ISDN ARCHITECHTURE
ISDN SERVCES
Basic Rate interface (BRI)

Two 64 kbps b channels, one 16 kbps D channel, and 48
kbps framing and synchronization.

Available data bandwidth: 128 kbps(2x64 kbps)
User bandwidth: 144 kbps(128 kbps + a 16kbps D
channel)
Total line capacity: 192 kbps(144 kbps + 48 kbps framing)
Each B channel can be used foe separate
applications
such as internet and voice
Allows individual B channels to be aggregated
together into a Multilink channel.

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A Presentation on an industrial

training taken at CTTCKolkata(BSNL)

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) was formed in the year

Today BSNL has customer base over 9 crores.

It is the fourth largest telecom operator in India.

BSNL is the market leader in broadband, landline and

BSNL is the only operator covering 5 lakh villages in the

The area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi and

Signal multiplexing Techniques

Broadband DSL Technology

In 1885 the Indian Telegraph Act has been amended in which

In 1984 C-DOT was formed for developing of indigenous

In 1986 the VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited) and MTNL

TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) was formed in

In 2000 DOT corporatized its services wings and created BSNL.

FDM:- The FDM techniques is the process of translating individual

TDM:- Basically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more

PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number of circuits on

To devolve a PCM system few steps are required- Filtering,

Filtering:- Filters are used to limit the signal between 300-3400Hz.

Sampling:- The amplitude of the sample is depend upon the

Quantization:- Quantization can be defined as a process of

Information is encoded into electrical signals.

Electrical signals are converted into light signals.

Light travels down the fibre.

(4) A detector changes the light signals into electrical

Electrical signals are decoded into information.

Optical fibers are dielectric.

It is immune to electromagnetic interference.

It has larger bandwidth.

Loss is low and same at all operating speeds.

These are small light weight cables.

Cause it is dielectric it cannot cause fire.

PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH OFC

The specific characteristics of light propagation through a fiber

SYNCHRONUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY

SDH is a standard technology for

SDH defines a number of Containers, each corresponding to an

Global System for mobile is a second generation

GSM Services: Tele Services:- includes mobile phones,

CALL PROCESSING IN GSM

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a

Multiple access in CDMA: Each users is assigned a unique PN code.

BROARBAND DSL TECHNOLOGY

Broadband DSL allows digital data to be

This technology transmits signals to a computer

Internet protocol(IP) specifies the format of the

It allows us to address a package and drop it in the

TCP/IP, on the other hand establishes a connection

Each IP address has two components

Intelligent Network is one concept to specify

Intelligent networks are used by teleoperators for

Originally, IN has been applied in telephone and

Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN) is a set of

It provides a faster data transmission rate than

ISDN consists of some devices

Basic Rate interface (BRI)

kbps framing and synchronization.