Busbar
Busbar
Busbar
The word bus is derived from the Latin word omnibus which means
common for all. Busbars are the nerve-centres of the power system where
various circuits are connected together. These are the nodes of the electrical
circuit. Fig 1 shows a busbar having an N1 number of incoming lines and
an N2 number of outgoing lines. The protective zone, to be generated by
the protective relays, is also shown. It may be noted that under the normal
power flow condition the sum of incoming currents is equal to the sum of
outgoing currents, i.e
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As the primary current goes on increasing, a stage comes when the magnetizing
current requirement is so large that almost all the transformed current is taken up by
the CT for the sole purpose of magnetization, with the result that there is hardly any
current available for the burden. When this occurs, we say that the CT is completely
saturated. The secondary induced voltage and burden current waveforms of a CT,
operating in saturation, are highly distorted. They, consist only of sharp pulses near
the zero-crossings of the primary current. This is shown in Fig8, where it can be
seen that in order to reach the peak of the sinusoidal flux waveform, the CT is
driven deep into saturation.
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Fig 10 Secondary equivalent circuit with one CT fully saturated during external
fault.
To find the value of the stabilizing resistance, let the pick-up value of the OC relay
be Ipu and the value of the resistance associated with the saturated CT be (Rs + RL).
The impedance of the secondary circuit of the saturated CT be represented by Zs,
where Zs = (Rs + RL).
The procedure is as follows: First consider that the OC relay is not connected and
find out the voltage that will be developed across it, let it be Vset. Now, the stabilizing
resistance should be of such a value that with the relay connected, the current
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through the relay should be less than the pick-up value of the relay.
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Fig11 shows that during internal fault, all the CT secondaries feed into
the spill path. Therefore, the current for a minimum internal fault in
the high impedance spill path will be
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Supervisory Relay
In the busbar differential scheme, at times, happen that a particular CT secondary
gets open circuited. At other times there may be a break in the pilot wire coming
from a particular CT secondary winding. Thus, even though there may be no
internal fault on the busbar, an imbalance is created on the secondary side,
causing a spill current which is equal to the current that was being contributed by
the particular CT before its secondary got open circuited.
Such types of events are, no doubt, dangerous. The current contribution of an
individual CT would be much less than the pick-up value of the OC relay and the
scheme will remain insensitive to such CT open-circuit faults. All the same, we
need to develop a mechanism to detect such faults so as to raise an alarm to alert
the operating personnel.
The highest spill current, in case of loss of one CT secondary current, will be
caused in case of the CT which carries the maximum load current, I load, max,.
Fig12 shows the normal load being supplied by the feeders. There is a break in
the pilot wire coming from secondary of CTc. This will cause a spill current equal
to the current that was being contributed by CTc before the break occurred, as
shown in Fig12. Thus, the spill current = Ic/N. This spill current will develop a
voltage across the series combination of the stabilizing resistance and OC relay,
which can be sensed by a sensitive over-voltage relay known as supervisory 22
relay.
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