Week 1 Slides:

Introduction to
Computers and Java
Chapter 1

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Objectives

Overview of computer hardware and

software
Introduce program design and object-
oriented programming
Overview of the Java programming
language
(Optional) introduce applets and
graphics basics

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Outline

Computer Basics
Designing Programs
A Sip of Java
Graphics Supplement

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Computer Basics: Outline
Hardware and Memory
Programs
Programming Languages and Compilers
Java Byte-Code
Graphics Supplement

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Hardware and Software

Computer systems consist of hardware

and software.
Hardware includes the tangible parts of
computer systems.
Software includes programs - sets of
instructions for the computer to follow.
Familiarity with hardware basics helps us
understand software.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Hardware and Memory

Most modern computers have similar

components including
Input devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.)
Output devices (display screen, printer, etc.)
A processor
Two kinds of memory (main memory and
auxiliary memory).

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Processor

Also called the CPU (central processing

unit) or the chip (e.g. Pentium processor)
The processor processes a programs
instructions.
It can process only very simple
instructions.
The power of computing comes from
speed and program intricacy.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Memory

Memory holds
programs
data for the computer to process
the results of intermediate processing.
Two kinds of memory
main memory
auxiliary memory

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Main memory

Working memory used to store

The current program
The data the program is using
The results of intermediate calculations
Usually measured in megabytes (e.g. 8
gigabytes of RAM)
RAM is short for random access memory
A byte is a quantity of memory

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Auxiliary Memory

Also called secondary memory

Disk drives, CDs, DVDs, flash drives, etc.
More or less permanent (nonvolatile)
Usually measured in gigabytes (e.g. 50
gigabyte hard drive)

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Bits, Bytes, and Addresses

A bit is a digit with a value of either 0

or 1.
A byte consists of 8 bits.
Each byte in main memory resides at
a numbered location called its
address.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Main Memory
Figure 1.1

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Storing Data

Data of all kinds (numbers, letters, strings

of characters, audio, video, even
programs) are encoded and stored using
1s and 0s.
When more than a single byte is needed,
several adjacent bytes are used.
The address of the first byte is the address of
the unit of bytes.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Files

Large groups of bytes in auxiliary

memory are called files.
Files have names.
Files are organized into groups called
directories or folders.
Java programs are stored in files.
Programs files are copied from auxiliary
memory to main memory in order to be
run.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
0s and 1s

Machines with only 2 stable states are

easy to make, but programming using
only 0s and 1s is difficult.
Fortunately, the conversion of numbers,
letters, strings of characters, audio,
video, and programs is done
automatically.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programs

A program is a set of instructions for a

computer to follow.
We use programs almost daily (email,
word processors, video games, bank
ATMs, etc.).
Following the instructions is called
running or executing the program.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Input and Output

Normally, a computer receives two kinds

of input:
The program
The data needed by the program.
The output is the result(s) produced by
following the instructions in the program.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Running a Program
Figure 1.2

Sometimes the computer and the program are

considered to be one unit.
Programmers typically find this view to be more
convenient.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Operating System

The operating system is a supervisory

program that oversees the operation of
the computer.
The operating system retrieves and starts
program for you.
Well-known operating systems including:
Microsoft Windows, Apples Mac OS,
Linux, and UNIX.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Languages

High-level languages are relatively easy

to use
Java, C#, C++, Visual Basic, Python, Ruby.
Unfortunately, computer hardware does
not understand high-level languages.
Therefore, a high-level language program
must be translated into a low-level language.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Compilers

A compiler translates a program from a

high-level language to a low-level
language the computer can run.
You compile a program by running the
compiler on the high-level-language
version of the program called the source
program.
Compilers produce machine- or assembly-
language programs called object
programs.
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Compilers

Most high-level languages need a

different compiler for each type of
computer and for each operating system.
Most compilers are very large programs
that are expensive to produce.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Java Byte-Code

The Java compiler does not translate a

Java program into assembly language or
machine language for a particular
computer.
Instead, it translates a Java program into
byte-code.
Byte-code is the machine language for a hypothetical
computer (or interpreter) called the Java Virtual Machine.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Java Byte-Code
A byte-code program is easy to translate into
machine language for any particular computer.
A program called an interpreter translates each
byte-code instruction, executing the resulting
machine-language instructions on the particular
computer before translating the next byte-code
instruction.
Most Java programs today are executed using a
Just-In-Time or JIT compiler in which byte-code is
compiled as needed and stored for later reuse
without needing to be re-compiled.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Compiling, Interpreting, Running

Use the compiler to translate the Java

program into byte-code (done using the
javac command).
Use the Java virtual machine for your
computer to translate each byte-code
instruction into machine language and to
run the resulting machine-language
instructions (done using the java
command).

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Portability

After compiling a Java program into byte-

code, that byte-code can be used on any
computer with a byte-code interpreter
and without a need to recompile.
Byte-code can be sent over the Internet
and used anywhere in the world.
This makes Java suitable for Internet
applications.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Class Loader

A Java program typically consists of

several pieces called classes.
Each class may have a separate author
and each is compiled (translated into
byte-code) separately.
A class loader (called a linker in other
programming languages) automatically
connects the classes together.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Compiling and Running a
Program
Figure 1.3

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
A Sip of Java: Outline
History of the Java Language
Applications and Applets
A First Java Application Program
Writing, Compiling, and Running a
Java Program

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
History of Java

In 1991, James Gosling and Sun

Microsystems began designing a
language for home appliances (toasters,
TVs, etc.).
Challenging, because home appliances are
controlled by many different chips
(processors)
Programs were translated first into an
intermediate language common to all
appliance processors.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
History of Java

Then the intermediate language was

translated into the machine language for a
particular appliances processor.
Appliance manufacturers werent impressed.

In 1994, Gosling realized that his

language would be ideal for a Web
browser that could run programs over the
Internet.
Sun produced the browser known today as
HotJava.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Applications and Applets

Two kinds of java programs: applications

and applets
Applications
Regular programs
Meant to be run on your computer
Applets
Little applications
Meant to be sent to another location on the
internet and run there

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
A First Java Application
View sample program Listing 1.1
class FirstProgram

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Some Terminology

The person who writes a program is

called the programmer.
The person who interacts with the
program is called the user.
A package is a library of classes that have
been defined already.
import java.util.Scanner;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Some Terminology

The item(s) inside parentheses are called

argument(s) and provide the information
needed by methods.
A variable is something that can store
data.
An instruction to the computer is called a
statement; it ends with a semicolon.
The grammar rules for a programming
language are called the syntax of the
language.
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Printing to the Screen
System.out.println (Whatever you want to print);

System.out is an object for sending output to

the screen.
println is a method to print whatever is in
parentheses to the screen.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Printing to the Screen

The object performs an action when you

invoke or call one of its methods

objectName.methodName(argumentsTheMethodNeeds);

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Compiling a Java Program or Class

A Java program consists of one or more

classes, which must be compiled before
running the program.
You need not compile classes that
accompany Java (e.g. System and
Scanner).
Each class should be in a separate file.
The name of the file should be the same as
the name of the class.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Compiling and Running

Use an IDE (integrated development

environment) which combines a text
editor with commands for compiling and
running Java programs.
When a Java program is compiled, the
byte-code version of the program has the
same name, but the ending is changed
from .java to .class.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Compiling and Running

A Java program can involve any number

of classes.
The class to run will contain the words

public static void main(String[] args)

somewhere in the file

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Basics: Outline
Object-Oriented Programming
Algorithms
Testing and Debugging
Software Reuse

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming

Programming is a creative process.

Programming can be learned by
discovering the techniques used by
experienced programmers.
These techniques are applicable to
almost every programming language,
including Java.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Object-Oriented Programming

Our world consists of objects (people, trees,

cars, cities, airline reservations, etc.).
Objects can perform actions which affect
themselves and other objects in the world.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) treats
a program as a collection of objects that
interact by means of actions.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
OOP Terminology

Objects, appropriately, are called objects.

Actions are called methods.
Objects of the same kind have the same
type and belong to the same class.
Objects within a class have a common set of
methods and the same kinds of data
but each object can have its own data values.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
OOP Design Principles

OOP adheres to three primary design

principles:
Encapsulation
Polymorphism
Inheritance

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Introduction to Encapsulation

The data and methods associated with

any particular class are encapsulated
(put together in a capsule), but only
part of the contents is made accessible.
Encapsulation provides a means of using the
class, but it omits the details of how the class
works.
Encapsulation often is called information
hiding.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Accessibility Example

An automobile consists of several parts

and pieces and is capable of doing many
useful things.
Awareness of the accelerator pedal, the brake
pedal, and the steering wheel is important to
the driver.
Awareness of the fuel injectors, the automatic
braking control system, and the power
steering pump is not important to the driver.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Introduction to Polymorphism
From the Greek meaning many forms
The same program instruction adapts to
mean different things in different
contexts.
A method name, used as an instruction,
produces results that depend on the class of
the object that used the method.
Everyday analogy: take time to recreate
causes different people to do different
activities
More about polymorphism in Chapter 8

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Introduction to Inheritance

Figure 1.4

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Introduction to Inheritance

Classes can be organized using

inheritance.
A class at lower levels inherits all the
characteristics of classes above it in the
hierarchy.
At each level, classifications become more
specialized by adding other
characteristics.
Higher classes are more inclusive; lower
classes are less inclusive.
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Inheritance in Java

Used to organize classes

Inherited characteristics do not need
to be repeated.
New characteristics are added.
More about inheritance in chapter 8

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Algorithms

By designing methods, programmers

provide actions for objects to perform.
An algorithm describes a means of
performing an action.
Once an algorithm is defined, expressing
it in Java (or in another programming
language) usually is easy.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Algorithms
An algorithm is a set of instructions for
solving a problem.
An algorithm must be expressed
completely and precisely.
Algorithms usually are expressed in
English or in pseudocode.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Example: Total Cost of All Items

Write the number 0 on the whiteboard.

For each item on the list
Add the cost of the item to the number on the
whiteboard
Replace the number on the whiteboard with the
result of this addition.
Announce that the answer is the number
written on the whiteboard.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Reusable Components
Most programs are created by combining
components that exist already.
Reusing components saves time and
money.
Reused components are likely to be
better developed, and more reliable.
New components should designed to be
reusable by other applications.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Testing and Debugging

Eliminate errors by avoiding them in the

first place.
Carefully design classes, algorithms and
methods.
Carefully code everything into Java.
Test your program with appropriate test
cases (some where the answer is known),
discover and fix any errors, then retest.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Errors
An error in a program is called a bug.
Eliminating errors is called debugging.
Three kinds or errors
Syntax errors
Runtime errors
Logic errors

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Syntax Errors

Grammatical mistakes in a program

The grammatical rules for writing a program
are very strict
The compiler catches syntax errors and
prints an error message.
Example: using a period where a program
expects a comma

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Runtime Errors

Errors that are detected when your

program is running, but not during
compilation
When the computer detects an error, it
terminates the program and prints an
error message.
Example: attempting to divide by 0

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Logic Errors

Errors that are not detected during

compilation or while running, but which
cause the program to produce incorrect
results
Example: an attempt to calculate a
Fahrenheit temperature from a Celsius
temperature by multiplying by 9/5 and
adding 23 instead of 32

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Software Reuse

Programs not usually created entirely from scratch

Most contain components which already exist
Reusable classes are used
Design class objects which are general
Java provides many classes
Note documentation on following slide

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Software Reuse

Description of class
Scanner

Package
names

Class names

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Graphics Supplement: Outline

Objects and Methods

A Sample Graphics Applet
Drawing Ovals and Circles
Size and Position of Figures
Drawing Arcs
Running and Closing an Applet

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Objects and Methods
Recall that a method is an action which can
be performed by an object.
In this section, well name our object
canvas and well use it to draw figures
inside an applet display.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
A Sample Graphics Applet
View sample program Listing 1.2
class HappyFace (page 31)

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 A Sample Graphics Applet

The paint method specifies what is drawn

in the applet.
The paint method is invoked automatically
when the applet is run.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Screen Coordinate System
Figure 1.6

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Screen Coordinate System

The x-coordinate the the number of

pixels from the left.
The y-coordinate is the number of
pixels from the top (not from the
bottom).

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Drawing Ovals and Circles

The drawOval method draws only the

outline of the oval.
canvas.drawOval(100, 50, 90, 50);
The fillOval method draws a filled-in
oval.
canvas.fillOval(100, 50, 90, 50);

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Drawing Ovals and Circles

The drawOval and fillOval methods take

four arguments.
The first two arguments indicate the upper-left
corner of an invisible rectangle around the oval.
The last two arguments indicate the width and
height of the oval.
A circle is just an oval whose height is the
same as its width.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Drawing Ovals and Circles

Figure1.7 The Oval Drawn by

canvas.drawOval(100, 50, 90, 50)

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Size and Positions of Figures

Sizes and positions in a Java applet are

given in pixels.
Think of the display surface for the
applet as being a two-dimensional grid
of individual pixels.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Drawing Arcs

The drawArc method draws an arc.

drawArc(100, 50, 200, 200, 180, 180);
The drawArc method takes six
arguments.
The first four arguments are the same as the
four arguments needed by the drawOval
method.
The last two arguments indicate where the arc
starts, and the number of degrees through
which is sweeps.
0 degrees is horizontal and to the right.
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Specifying an Arc
Figure 1.8a

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Specifying an Arc
Figure 1.8b

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Running and Closing an
Applet
There are two ways to run an applet:
Embed the applet in a Web page and run it
Use an applet viewer from the IDE.
There are two corresponding ways to end
an applet:
If you are running the applet from a web site,
close the page or navigate away from the page
If you are using an applet viewer, use the mouse
to click the close-window button.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Summary

You have completed an overview of

computer hardware and software.
You have been introduced to program
design and object-oriented programming.
You have completed an overview of the
Java programming language.
You have been introduced to applets and
graphics basics.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved