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    Distillation and Desalination

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    Mark Anthony Henry
    1) Desalination uses distillation to remove salts and minerals from saline water like seawater to produce potable water. 2) Vacuum distillation, a common desalination method, lowers boiling points by reducing atmospheric pressure, decreasing energy costs. 3) Large water treatment plants use vacuum distillation over other methods because lowering pressure requires less energy for heating and cooling during distillation.

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    Distillation and Desalination

    Uploaded by

    Mark Anthony Henry
    90 views10 pages
    1) Desalination uses distillation to remove salts and minerals from saline water like seawater to produce potable water. 2) Vacuum distillation, a common desalination method, lowers boiling points by reducing atmospheric pressure, decreasing energy costs. 3) Large water treatment plants use vacuum distillation over other methods because lowering pressure requires less energy for heating and cooling during distillation.

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    Distillation

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    1) Desalination uses distillation to remove salts and minerals from saline water like seawater to produce potable water. 2) Vacuum distillation, a common desalination method, lowers boiling points by reducing atmospheric pressure, decreasing energy costs. 3) Large water treatment plants use vacuum distillation over other methods because lowering pressure requires less energy for heating and cooling during distillation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    90 views10 pages

    Distillation and Desalination

    Uploaded by

    Mark Anthony Henry
    1) Desalination uses distillation to remove salts and minerals from saline water like seawater to produce potable water. 2) Vacuum distillation, a common desalination method, lowers boiling points by reducing atmospheric pressure, decreasing energy costs. 3) Large water treatment plants use vacuum distillation over other methods because lowering pressure requires less energy for heating and cooling during distillation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Distillation and

    Desalination
    By Mark Henry
    Desalination
    What is desalination?
    Desalination is basically a process that extracts minerals,
    such as salts, from saline water. Desalination was designed
    especially to produce potable water from saltwater. However,
    the process is more costly than using fresh water from rivers,
    groundwater, water recycling and water conservation sources.

    Question 1:
    1) Why cant we consume salt water?
    Principle of desalination
    Desalination makes use of a common distillation process called vacuum distillation. In
    normal distillation process- whether it be simple or fractional distillation- heat is applied
    to the sample with enough energy to cause it to vaporize. The liquid sample with the
    least boiling point vaporize first and is then passed through a Liebig condenser where it
    condenses and reforms a liquid. In vacuum distillation, the principals of distillation still
    applies but there is one important change.
    Vacuum distillation rests on the principal that the boiling point of a substance occurs
    when the vapour pressure is equal to or exceeds the atmospheric pressure. Therefore,
    lowering the atmospheric pressure of a system will increase the vapour pressure, which
    will then decrease the boiling point. This decreases the energy requirement for both the
    heating and the cooling processes.

    Question 2 & 3
    2) What is the relationship between atmospheric pressure, vapour pressure and boiling
    point?
    3) State and explain one reason why vacuum distillation is used in large scale water
    treatment plants instead of other distillation methods.
    Methods of desalination/distillation

    Multi-stage flash distillation


    Reverse osmosis
    Solar distillation
    Electro-dialysis/ electro-dialysis
    reversal
    Freezing
    Vapour compression distillation
    Production of potable water by
    desalination
    71% of the earths surface is covered in water but yet, 1 in every 9 people
    suffer from water scarcity, and this scarcity is said to only increase. 97%
    of the water available to us is undrinkable sea water, 2.5% is fresh water
    from glaciers, ice, etc. and only 0.5% is drinkable water.
    Desalination is a broad term that includes a combination of water
    treatment techniques to produce potable water. There are three stages
    involved to produce water fit for human consumption:
    1. Pre-treatment
    2.Multi-stage flash distillation
    3.Post-treatment
    Contd

    Flow chart showing the stages in the production of potable water by


    desalination
    Production of potable water contd

    1. Sea water is transferred from 10 metres below sea level or from water
    wells 60-80 metres deep to the water treatment plant. In some plants
    where sea water is used, the water is extracted three times slower than
    the average speed of a fish to prevent any harm to aquatic life.
    2. Pre-treatment- the sea water is screened and filtered to remove large
    particles such as algae.
    3. Multi-stage flash distillation- In this process saline water is distilled
    under reduced pressure in a series of sealed tanks-each with
    decreasing pressure. Due to the reduced pressure, the water
    evaporates suddenly or flashes' at a temperature less than 100C. Pure
    water condenses on cooling coils in the tanks and is collected.
    Production of potable water contd

    4. Post-treatment- After treatment, the water needs to be re-mineralized.


    This can be done by remineralization, aeration, corrosion control and
    disinfection. Limewater and carbon dioxide are also added to the water
    to maintain the necessary alkalinity levels and carbon dioxide helps to
    dissolve the limewater. Chlorine is also added to kill bacteria.
    5. The waste water (brine) then goes out to sea about 500m into a special
    diffuser system mixture that mixes the concentrate with sea water.
    Advantages of desalination/distillation
    method of water treatment
    Multi-stage flash distillation is a better alternative to its main competitor-
    reverse osmosis. This is because it requires less pre-treatment of the seawater
    and less maintenance and energy.
    Cogeneration is the process by which excess heat and electricity is generation
    from a single process. MSF (multi-stage flash distillation) distillation plants,
    especially large ones, can be paired with power plants in a cogeneration
    configuration. Waste heat from the power plant is used to heat the seawater.
    The water plant can also provide cooling for the power plant as well. This
    reduces the energy needed by half to two-thirds.
    Clean and fresh drinking water.- Desalination plants can provide drinking water
    in areas where no natural supply of potable water exists. The water quality is
    safe for consumption i.e. not dangerous or hazardous to any living thing.
    Disadvantages of desalination/distillation
    method of water treatment
    Not energy efficient- desalinating sea water requires more energy and thus, more
    expenses, than desalinating fresh water. However, fresh water is not readily available
    compared to sea water.
    The desalination process is not a profitable business
    Brine is denser than seawater, sinks to the ocean bottom and can damage the
    ecosystem. Careful reintroduction can minimize this problem. Typical ocean conditions
    allow for rapid dilution, thereby minimizing harm.
    Desalination removes iodine from water and could increase the risk of iodine deficiency
    disorders
    Water intake structures cause adverse environmental impact by sucking fish and shellfish
    or their eggs into an industrial system. There, the organisms may be killed or injured
    Chemicals and waste produced- many chemicals are produced due to this process such
    as chlorine and others.
    Biodiversity is destroyed when building a water treatment plant because of the demand
    for very large spaces.

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