02slide Elementary Programming

Chapter 2 Elementary Programming
Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1
Motivations
In the preceding chapter, you learned how to
create, compile, and run a program. Starting from
this chapter, you will learn how to solve practical
problems programmatically. Through these
problems, you will learn primitive data types and
related subjects, such as variables, constants, data
types, operators, expressions, and input and output.

2
Objectives
To write C++ programs that perform simple computations (2.2).
To read input from the keyboard (2.3).
To use identifiers to name elements such as variables and functions (2.4).
To use variables to store data (2.5).
To program using assignment statements and assignment expressions (2.6).
To name constants using the const keyword (2.7).
To declare variables using numeric data types (2.8.1).
To write integer literals, floating-point literals, and literals in scientific notation (2.8.2).
To perform operations using operators +, -, *, /, and % (2.8.3).
To perform exponent operations using the pow(a, b) function (2.8.4).
To write and evaluate expressions (2.9).
To obtain the current system time using time(0) (2.10).
To use augmented assignment operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=) (2.11).
To distinguish between postincrement and preincrement and between postdecrement and
predecrement (2.12).
To convert numbers to a different type using casting (2.13).
To describe the software development process and apply it to develop the loan payment
program (2.14).
To write a program that converts a large amount of money into smaller (2.15).
To avoid common errors in elementary programming (2.16).
3
Introducing Programming with an
Example
Listing 2.1 Computing the Area of a
Circle
This program computes the area of the
circle.
ComputeArea Run

4
animation
Trace a Program Execution

allocate memory
#include <iostream>
for radius
using namespace std;
int main() { radius no value

double radius;
double area;
// Step 1: Read in radius

radius = 20;
// Step 2: Compute area

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << endl;
}

5
animation

#include <iostream> memory
radius no value
int main() { area no value
double radius;
double area;
allocate memory
// Step 1: Read in radius for area
radius = 20;


cout << area << std::endl;
}
6
animation

assign 20 to radius
#include <iostream>
radius 20
int main() {
area no value
double radius;
double area;

radius = 20;


}
7
animation

radius 20
int main() { area 1256.636
double radius;
double area;
// Step 1: Read in radius compute area and assign

radius = 20; it to variable area


}
8
animation

radius 20
int main() {
area 1256.636
double radius;
double area;

print a message to the
radius = 20; console


}
9
Reading Input from the
Keyboard
You can use the cin object to read input from
the keyboard.
ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput
Run

10
Reading Multiple Input in One Statement
ComputeAverage Run
11
Identifiers
An identifier is a sequence of characters that
consists of letters, digits, and underscores (_).
An identifier must start with a letter or an
underscore. It cannot start with a digit.
An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See
Appendix A, C++ Keywords, for a list of
reserved words.)
An identifier can be of any length, but your C++
compiler may impose some restriction. Use
identifiers of 31 characters or fewer to ensure
portability.
12
Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
cout << area;
// Compute the second area

radius = 2.0;
cout << area;
13
Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;

14
Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;
radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;

15
Declaring and Initializing
in One Step
int x = 1;
double d = 1.4;

16
Named Constants
const datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;
const double PI = 3.14159;

const int SIZE = 3;

17
Numerical Data Types
Name Synonymy Range Storage Size
short short int 215 to 2151 (-32,768 to 32,767) 16-bit signed
unsigned short unsigned short int 0 to 2161 (65535) 16-bit unsigned
int signed 231 to 2311 (-2147483648 to 2147483647) 32-bit
unsigned unsigned int 0 to 2321 (4294967295) 32-bit unsigned

signed
long long int 231 (-2147483648) to 2311 (2147483647) 32-bit signed
unsigned long unsigned long int 0 to 2321 (4294967295) 32-bit unsigned
long long 263 (-9223372036854775808) to
2631 (9223372036854775807) 64-bit signed
float Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754

-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
double Negative range: 64-bit IEEE 754
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to -4.9E-324
Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
long double Negative range: 80-bit
-1.18E+4932 to -3.37E-4932
Positive range:
3.37E-4932 to 1.18E+4932
Significant decimal digits: 19

18
sizeof Function
You can use the sizeof function to find the size of a type.
For example, the following statement displays the size of
int, long, and double on your machine.
cout << sizeof(int) << " " << sizeof(long) << " " <<
sizeof(double);

19
Synonymous Types
short int is synonymous to short. unsigned short int

is synonymous to unsigned short. unsigned int is
synonymous to unsigned. long int is synonymous to
long. unsigned long int is synonymous to unsigned
long. For example,
short int i = 2;
is same as
short i = 2;

20
Numeric Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly in

a program. For example, 34, 1000000, and 5.0 are
literals in the following statements:
int i = 34;
long k = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;

21
octal and hex literals
By default, an integer literal is a decimal number.
To denote an octal integer literal, use a leading 0
(zero), and to denote a hexadecimal integer literal,
use a leading 0x or 0X (zero x). For example, the
following code displays the decimal value 65535
for hexadecimal number FFFF and decimal value 8
for octal number 10.
cout << 0xFFFF << " " << 010;

22
double vs. float
The double type values are more accurate than the
float type values. For example,
cout << "1.0 / 3.0 is " << 1.0 / 3.0 << endl;
displays 1.0 / 3.0 is 0.33333333333333331
16 digits
cout << "1.0F / 3.0F is " << 1.0F / 3.0F << endl;

23
why called floating-point?
The float and double types are used to represent
numbers with a decimal point. Why are they called
floating-point numbers? These numbers are stored
into scientific notation. When a number such as
50.534e+1 is converted into scientific notation such
as 5.0534, its decimal point is moved (i.e., floated)
to a new position.

24
Numeric Operators
Name Meaning Example Result
+ Addition 34 + 1 35
- Subtraction 34.0 0.1 33.9
* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000
/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5
% Remainder 20 % 3 2

25
Integer Division
+, -, *, /, and %
5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5
5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

26
Remainder Operator
Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an
even number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always
1. So you can use this property to determine whether a number
is even or odd. Suppose today is Saturday and you and your
friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10
days? You can find that day is Tuesday using the following
expression:
Saturday is the 6th day in a week

A week has 7 days
(6 + 10) % 7 is 2
The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday
After 10 days

27
Example: Displaying Time
Write a program that obtains hours and
minutes from seconds.
DisplayTime Run

28
Exponent Operations
cout << pow(2.0, 3) << endl; // Display 8.0
cout << pow(4.0, 0.5) << endl; // Display 2.0
cout << pow(2.5, 2) << endl; // Display 6.25
cout << pow(2.5, -2) << endl; // Display 0.16

29
Problem: Monetary Units
This program lets the user enter the amount in

decimal representing dollars and cents and output
a report listing the monetary equivalent in single
dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies.
Your program should report maximum number of
dollars, then the maximum number of quarters,
and so on, in this order.
ComputeChange Run
30
Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 1156
// Find the number of one dollars

int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; remainingAmount
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100; initialized
// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount
int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;
// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

31
animation
Trace ComputeChange

numberOfOneDollars 11
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100;
numberOfOneDollars
assigned
int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;




32
animation
Trace ComputeChange


int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; remainingAmount
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25; updated




33
animation
Trace ComputeChange


int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; numberOfOneQuarters 2
// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount numberOfOneQuarters

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10; assigned



34
animation
Trace ComputeChange


int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; numberOfQuarters 2

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10; remainingAmount
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10; updated



35
Overflow
When a variable is assigned a value that is
too large to be stored, it causes overflow. For
example, executing the following statement
causes overflow, because the largest value
that can be stored in a variable of the short
type is 32767. 32768 is too large.
short value = 32767 + 1;

36
Arithmetic Expressions
3 4 x 10( y 5)( a b c ) 4 9 x
9( )
5 x x y
is translated to
(3+4*x)/5 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

37
Example: Converting Temperatures
Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit degree
to Celsius using the formula:
celsius ( 95 )( fahrenheit 32)
FahrenheitToCelsius Run

38
Case Study: Displaying the Current Time
Write a program that displays current time in GMT in the
format hour:minute:second such as 1:45:19.
The time(0) function in the ctime header file returns the
current time in seconds elapsed since the time 00:00:00 on
January 1, 1970 GMT, as shown in Figure 2.1. This time is
known as the Unix epoch because 1970 was the year when
the Unix operating system was formally introduced.
Elapsed
time
Time ShowCurrentTime
Unix Epoch Current Time
01-01-1970 time(0)
00:00:00 GMT
Run
39
Augmented Assignment Operators
Operator Example Equivalent
+= i += 8 i = i + 8
-= f -= 8.0 f = f - 8.0
*= i *= 8 i = i * 8
/= i /= 8 i = i / 8
%= i %= 8 i = i % 8

40
Increment and
Decrement Operators
Operator Name Description
++var preincrement The expression (++var) increments var by 1 and evaluates
to the new value in var after the increment.
var++ postincrement The expression (var++) evaluates to the original value
in var and increments var by 1.
--var predecrement The expression (--var) decrements var by 1 and evaluates
to the new value in var after the decrement.
var-- postdecrement The expression (var--) evaluates to the original value
in var and decrements var by 1.

41
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * i++; int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;
int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * (++i); i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10 * i;


42
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators makes
expressions short, but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions
that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.

43
Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:
short i = 100;
long k = i * 3 + 4;
double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;

44
Type Casting
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
Explicit casting
int i = static_cast<int>(3.0);
(type narrowing)
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part
is truncated)

45
NOTE
Casting does not change the variable being cast.
For example, d is not changed after casting in the
following code:
double d = 4.5;
int i = static_cast<int>(d); // d is not changed

46
NOTE
The GNU and Visual C++ compilers will give a
warning when you narrow a type unless you use
static_cast to make the conversion explicit.

47
Example: Keeping Two Digits After
Decimal Points
Write a program that displays the sales tax with two
digits after the decimal point.
SalesTax Run

48
Software Development Process
Requirement
Specification
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
Deployment
Maintenance

49
Requirement Specification
A formal process that seeks to understand
Requirement
Specification
the problem and document in detail what
the software system needs to do. This
System phase involves close interaction between
Analysis
users and designers.
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
Most of the examples in this book are simple,

and their requirements are clearly stated. In Deployment
the real world, however, problems are not

well defined. You need to study a problem Maintenance
carefully to identify its requirements.
50
System Analysis
Requirement
Specification Seeks to analyze the business
process in terms of data flow, and
System
Analysis to identify the systems input and
output.
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
Part of the analysis entails modeling
the systems behavior. The model is
Deployment
intended to capture the essential
elements of the system and to define
Maintenance
services to the system.
51
System Design
Requirement
Specification
The process of designing the
systems components.
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
This phase involves the use of many levels

Deployment
of abstraction to decompose the problem into
manageable components, identify classes
and interfaces, and establish relationships Maintenance
among the classes and interfaces.
52
IPO
Requirement
Specification
System
Analysis Input, Process, Output
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
The essence of system analysis and design is input,

process, and output. This is called IPO. Deployment
Maintenance

53
Implementation
Requirement The process of translating the
Specification
system design into programs.
System Separate programs are written for
Analysis
each component and put to work
System together.
Design
Implementation
Testing
This phase requires the use of a
programming language like Java. Deployment
The implementation involves
coding, testing, and debugging. Maintenance

54
Testing
Requirement
Specification Ensures that the code meets the
requirements specification and
System
Analysis weeds out bugs.
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
An independent team of software
engineers not involved in the design Deployment
and implementation of the project
usually conducts such testing. Maintenance

55
Deployment
Requirement
Specification Deployment makes the project
available for use.
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
For a Java applet, this means
installing it on a Web server; for a Deployment
Java application, installing it on the
client's computer. Maintenance

56
Maintenance
Requirement
Specification Maintenance is concerned with
changing and improving the
System
Analysis product.
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
A software product must continue to
perform and improve in a changing Deployment
environment. This requires periodic
upgrades of the product to fix newly Maintenance
discovered bugs and incorporate changes.
57
Problem: Computing Loan Payments
This program lets the user enter the interest
rate, number of years, and loan amount and
computes monthly payment and total payment.
loanAmount monthlyInterestRate
1 1
numberOfYears12
(1 monthlyInterestRate )
ComputeLoan Run
58
Common Errors
Common Error 1: Undeclared/Uninitialized Variables
and Unused Variables
Common Error 2: Integer Overflow
Common Error 3: Round-off Errors
Common Error 4: Unintended Integer Division
Common Error 5: Forgetting Header Files

59

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Chapter 2 Elementary Programming

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Trace a Program Execution

int main() { radius no value

// Step 1: Read in radius

// Step 2: Compute area

// Step 3: Display the area

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Trace a Program Execution

// Step 2: Compute area

// Step 3: Display the area

Trace a Program Execution

// Step 1: Read in radius

// Step 2: Compute area

// Step 3: Display the area

Trace a Program Execution

// Step 1: Read in radius compute area and assign

// Step 2: Compute area

// Step 3: Display the area

Trace a Program Execution

// Step 1: Read in radius

// Step 2: Compute area

// Step 3: Display the area

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

// Compute the second area

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

const double PI = 3.14159;

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

short short int 215 to 2151 (-32,768 to 32,767) 16-bit signed

unsigned short unsigned short int 0 to 2161 (65535) 16-bit unsigned

int signed 231 to 2311 (-2147483648 to 2147483647) 32-bit

unsigned unsigned int 0 to 2321 (4294967295) 32-bit unsigned

float Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

short int is synonymous to short. unsigned short int

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

A literal is a constant value that appears directly in

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

cout << 0xFFFF << " " << 010;

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

displays 1.0 / 3.0 is 0.33333333333333331

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Name Meaning Example Result

- Subtraction 34.0 0.1 33.9

* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000

/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Saturday is the 6th day in a week

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

(3+4x)/5 10(y-5)(a+b+c)/x + 9(4/x + (9+x)/y)