CSC271 Database Systems: Data Definition Language

CSC271 Database Systems
Data Definition Language
Dr. Khalid Latif

Creating a Database Instance
Syntax: Create Database <database-name>;

Example: Create Database Movies;
Variation: prevent error if database already exists.
Create Database IF NOT EXISTS <database-name>;
Example: Create Database IF NOT EXISTS Movies;
Another Variant
Syntax: Create Schema <database-name>
Example: Create Schema Movies
2
Deleting a Database Instance
Syntax: Drop Database <database-name>

Example: Drop Database CrickInfo
Variation: Prevent error if database does not exist.
Drop Database IF EXISTS <database-name>
Example: Drop Database IF EXISTS CrickInfo
Another Variant
Drop Schema <database-name>
Example: Drop Schema CrickInfo
Note: Be very careful, DROP DATABASE deletes all
tables in the database and the database.
3
Other DDL Commands
Selecting a database for further operations

Syntax: Use <database-name>
Example: Use Movies
Listing tables in a database
Syntax: Show Tables
Outcome: List of tables in the selected database
Structure/Metadata of a table
Syntax: Describe <Table-Name>
Example: Describe Friends
Syntax Variation: Show Columns From Friends
4
Steps in Creating a Table
1.Identify the attributes for the table.

2.Identify data types for attributes (Next Slide).
3.Identify constraints on columns.
1.Identify columns that can and cannot be null.
2.Identify columns that must be unique
(candidate keys).
3.Determine default values if any.
4.Identify primary keyforeign key combinations.
5.Create the table.
5
Common Data Types in SQL
date, datetime, time, real. Floating point and

year: Different date and double-precision floating
time values point numbers, with
machine-dependent
integer. A finite subset of precision.
the integers that is float(n). Floating point
machine-dependent. number, with user-specified
smallint, tinyint. Small precision of at least n digits.
and tiny integer. char(n). Fixed length
numeric(p,d). Fixed character string, with user-
point number, with user- specified length n.
specified precision of p varchar(n). Variable length
digits, with n digits to the character strings, with user-
right of decimal point. specified maximum length n.
6
Create Table Construct
An SQL relation is defined using the create table

command:
create table r (A1 D1 [constraint1], A2 D2, ...,
(integrity-constrainti), ...,)
r is the name of the relation
each Ai is an attribute name in the schema of relation r
Di is the data type of values in the domain of attribute Ai
Example:
create table Student (id integer,
name char (30),
email varchar (50),
cgpa float)
7
Integrity Constraints
Domain integrity specifies that all columns in a relation

must be declared upon an atomic domain/datatype.
Entity integrity states that every table must have a
primary key and that the column or columns chosen to
be the primary key should be unique and not null.
Referential integrity states that any foreign-key value
refers to a primary key value of some table in the
database.
Depending on the application needs, a foreign-key
value may also be null meaning that the relationship
is optional (no relationship between instances).
8
Domain Integrity Constraints
Data type and length

Not Null: Attribute value cant be null
Example: name char(30) not null
Unique: Attribute value is unique throughout the table
Example: email char(30) unique
Example: email char(15) not null unique
Auto Increment: Attribute value automatically
incremented, only applicable for numeric values.
Example: id integer auto_increment
Default: Used to specify a default attribute value
Example: city char(30) default Islamabad
9
Entity Integrity Constraint
Primary key declaration automatically ensures

unique and not null for the specified set of
attributes.
primary key (A1, ..., An )
Example: Declare id as the primary key for
Student relation.
create table Student (id integer
AUTO_INCREMENT, name char (30),
email varchar (50) not null, primary
key (id))
10
Referential Integrity Constraint
A column (or columns) from a database

table can reference the primary key of
another table to create relationships
between rows of the two tables.
11
Referential Integrity Constraint
Ensures that foreign key values of a table must match
primary key values of a related table.
[CONSTRAINT] FOREIGN KEY (col_name,...)
REFERENCES targer_table_name
(target_table_primary_column,...)
Example
create table Student (sid
integer AUTO_INCREMENT, name char (30),
pid integer,Column names could
primary key (id), foreign key (pid)
be different
references Program (pid))
Column in Table and column

Student table referred by FK
12
Update and Delete Restrictions
What to do with
tuples of Student
if relevant
Program tuple is
deleted
Restrict: dont allow changes in primary side if related

rows exist in referred side
Cascade: automatically change referred side rows
that correspond with the changed primary side row
Set Null: set the foreign key in the referred side to null
if primary side is changed
Not allowed for weak entities (alternate: No Action)
13
Complete Foreign Key Declaration
[CONSTRAINT] FOREIGN KEY (col_name,...)

REFERENCES tbl_name (primary_col_name,...)
[ON DELETE {RESTRICT | CASCADE |
SET NULL | NO ACTION} ]
[ON UPDATE {RESTRICT | CASCADE |
SET NULL | NO ACTION} ]
create table Student ( sid
integer AUTO_INCREMENT, name char (30),
Example
pid integer,
primary key (id),
foreign key (pid) references Program (pid) on
delete RESTRICT on update CASCADE )
14
Schema (Pine Valley Furniture
Company)
Referential
integrity
constraints are
drawn via arrows
from dependent
to primary table
15
Drop and Alter Table Constructs
The drop table command deletes all information

about the relation from the database and the alter
table command allows to change column
specifications.
Add attribute to an existing relation (null values)
alter table r add Attribute Domain
Drop attributes of a relation
alter table r drop Attribute
Change order of columns
alter table r modify Attribute1 after Attribute2
16
Views
Consider a sales agent who only needs to know details

of customers from Lahore.
SELECT * FROM Customer c WHERE c.city=Lahore
In some cases, it is not desirable for all users to see the
entire logical model (that is, all the actual relations stored
in the database.)
A view provides a mechanism to define data views;
rights and privileges can be defined for certain users.
So, a view is a virtual relation not originally belonging to
the conceptual model.
17
View Definition
A view is defined using the create view statement:

create view v as < query expression >
where <query expression> is any legal SQL expression.
The view name is represented by v.
A view consisting of customers from Lahore.
CREATE VIEW LahoriCustomers AS SELECT *
FROM Customer c WHERE c.city=Lahore
18
View Usage
The view name can be used to refer to the virtual relation

that the view generates.
When a view is created, the query expression is stored in
the database; the expression is substituted into queries
involving the view.
Among Customers from Lahore, find the ones living in
Gulberg.
SELECT name FROM LahoriCustomers
WHERE address LIKE %Gulberg%
19
View Types
Dynamic View
A virtual table created dynamically
No data actually stored; data from the base table is
made available to user on request.
Based on SELECT statement on base tables or other
views
Materialized View (Supported in Oracle, for instance)
Copy or replication of data
Data actually stored on the disk
Refreshed periodically (or on every change) to match
the corresponding base table data
20
More on Views
A database cannot contain a base table and a view that
have the same name.
Views must have unique column names with no
duplicates.
By default, the names of the columns retrieved by the
SELECT statement are used for the view column
names.
To define explicit names for the view columns, a list of
comma-separated names should be provided.
create view v (column1, column2, ...) as <query>
21

CSC271 Database Systems: Data Definition Language

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CSC271 Database Systems: Data Definition Language

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CSC271 Database Systems: Data Definition Language

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CSC271 Database Systems

Data Definition Language

Dr. Khalid Latif

Syntax: Create Database <database-name>;

Syntax: Drop Database <database-name>

Selecting a database for further operations

1.Identify the attributes for the table.

date, datetime, time, real. Floating point and

An SQL relation is defined using the create table

Domain integrity specifies that all columns in a relation

Data type and length

Primary key declaration automatically ensures

A column (or columns) from a database

Column in Table and column

Restrict: dont allow changes in primary side if related

[CONSTRAINT] FOREIGN KEY (col_name,...)

The drop table command deletes all information

Consider a sales agent who only needs to know details

A view is defined using the create view statement:

The view name can be used to refer to the virtual relation

You might also like