Chapter 4

Project Management

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Define the terms project and project management, and differentiate
between project and process management.
Describe causes of failed information systems and technology projects.
Describe basic competencies required of project managers.
Describe basic functions of project management.
Differentiate between PERT and Gantt as project management tools.
Describe role of project management software.
Describe eight activities in project management.
Define joint project planning and its role in project management.
Define scope and a write a statement of work to document scope.
Use a work breakdown structure to decompose a project into tasks.
Estimate tasks durations and specify intertask dependencies.
Assign resources and produce a project schedule with a Gantt chart.
Assign people to tasks and direct the team effort.
Use critical path analysis to adjust schedule and resource allocations in
response to schedule and budget deviations.
Manage user expectations of a project and adjust project scope.
4-3
 Projects and Project Managers
Project a [temporary] sequence of
unique, complex, and connected activities
having one goal or purpose and that must
be completed by specific time, within
budget, and according to specification.

Project manager - the person

responsible for supervising a systems
project from initiation to conclusion
4-4
 Project Management
and Process Management
Project management the process of
scoping, planning, staffing, organizing,
directing, and controlling the development
of an acceptable system at a minimum
cost within a specified time frame.

Process management the activity of

documenting, managing, and continually
improving the process of systems
development.
4-5
 Measures of Project Success
The resulting information system is
acceptable to the customer.
The system was delivered on time.
The system was delivered within
budget.
The system development process had a
minimal impact on ongoing business
operations.
4-6
 Causes of Project Failure
Failure to establish upper-management
commitment to the project
Lack of organizations commitment to the
methodology
Taking shortcuts through or around the
methodology
Poor expectations management
Feature creep uncontrolled addition of technical
features to a system.
Scope creep unexpected and gradual growth of
4-7 requirements during an information systems project.
 Causes of Project Failure
(cont.)
Premature commitment to a fixed budget
and schedule
Poor estimating techniques
Overoptimism
The mythical man-month (Brooks, 1975)
Inadequate people management skills
Failure to adapt to business change
Insufficient resources
4-8
Failure to manage to the plan
 Project Manager Competencies
Business awareness Anticipation of impact
Business partner Resourceful use of
orientation influence
Commitment to quality Motivating others
Initiative Communication skills
Information gathering Developing others
Analytical thinking Monitoring and controlling
Conceptual thinking Self-confidence
Interpersonal awareness Stress management
Organizational Concern for credibility
awareness Flexibility
4-9 (Adapted from Wysocki, Beck, and Crane, Effective Project
Management: How to Plan, Manage, and Deliver Projects on Time
 Project Management Functions
Scoping setting the boundaries of the
project
Planning identifying the tasks required to
complete the project
Estimating identifying the resources
required to complete the project
Scheduling developing the plan to
complete the project
Organizing making sure members
understand their roles and responsibilities
Directing coordinating the project
Controlling monitoring progress
4-10 Closing assessing success and failure
 Project Management Tools
& Techniques

PERT chart a graphical network model

used to depict the interdependencies
between a projects tasks.

Gantt chart a bar chart used to depict

project tasks against a calendar.

4-11
 PERT Chart

4-12
 Gantt Chart

4-13
 Microsoft Project Gantt Chart

4-14
 Microsoft Project PERT Chart

4-15
 Project Management Life Cycle

4-16
 Joint Project Planning Strategy

Joint project planning (JPP) a

strategy in which all stakeholders attend
an intensive workshop aimed at reaching
consensus on project decisions.

4-17
 Activity 1 Negotiate Scope
Scope the boundaries of a project the
areas of a business that a project may (or
may not) address. Includes answers to five
basic questions:
Product
Quality
Time
Cost
Resources

Statement of work a narrative description

of the work to be performed as part of a
project. Common synonyms include scope
statement, project definition, project overview,
4-18 and document of understanding.
 Statement of Work
I. Purpose
II. Background
A. Problem, opportunity, or directive statement
B. History leading to project request
C. Project goal and objectives
Notice the use of
D. Product description information system
III. Scope building blocks
A. Stakeholders
B. Data
C. Processes
D. Locations
IV. Project Approach
A. Route
B. Deliverables
V. Managerial Approach
A. Team building considerations
B. Manager and experience
4-19 C. Training requirements
(continued)
 Statement of Work (concluded)
V. Managerial Approach (continued)
D. Meeting schedules
E. Reporting methods and frequency
F. Conflict management
G. Scope management
VI. Constraints
A. Start date
B. Deadlines
C. Budget
D. Technology
VII. Ballpark Estimates
A. Schedule
B. Budget
VIII. Conditions of Satisfaction
A. Success criteria
B. Assumptions
C. Risks
IX. Appendices
4-20
 Activity 2 Identify Tasks
Work breakdown
structure (WBS) a
graphical tool used to
depict the hierarchical
decomposition of the
project into phases,
activities, and tasks.

Milestone an event
signifying the
completion of a major
project deliverable.
4-21
 Activity 3 Estimate Task
Durations
Elapsed time takes into consideration:
Efficiency - no worker performs at 100%
efficiency
Coffee breaks, lunch, e-mail, etc.
Estimate of 75% is common
Interruptions
Phone calls, visitors, etc.
10-50%

4-22
 Activity 3 Estimate Task
Durations
1. Estimate the minimum amount of time it would take to
perform the task the optimistic duration (OD).
2. Estimate the maximum amount of time it would take
to perform the task the pessimistic duration (PD).
3. Estimate the expected duration (ED) that will be
needed to perform the task.
4. Calculate a weighted average of the most likely
duration (D) as follows:

D = (1 x OD) + (4 x ED) + (1 x PD)

6
OD ED PD

3.33 days = (1 x 2 days) + (4 x 3 days) + (1 x 6 days)

4-23 6
 Activity 4 Specify Intertask
Dependencies
Finish-to-start (FS)The finish of one
task triggers the start of another task.
Start-to-start (SS)The start of one task
triggers the start of another task.
Finish-to-finish (FF)Two tasks must
finish at the same time.
Start-to-finish (SF)The start of one task
signifies the finish of another task.
4-24
 Entering Intertask
Dependencies

4-25
 Scheduling Strategies

Forward scheduling a project

scheduling approach that establishes a
project start date and then schedules
forward from that date.

Reverse scheduling a project

scheduling strategy that establishes a
project deadline and then schedules
backward from that date.
4-26
 A Project Schedule in Calendar
View

4-27
 Activity 5 Assign Resources
People includes all system owners, users,
analysts, designers, builders, external agents, and
clerical help involved in the project in any way.
Services includes services such as a quality
review that may be charged on a per use basis.
Facilities and equipment includes all rooms and
technology that will be needed to complete the
project.
Supplies and materials everything from pencils,
paper, notebooks to toner cartridges, and so on.
Money includes a translation of all of the above
4-28 into budgeted dollars!
 Defining Project Resources

4-29
 Assigning Project Resources

4-30
 Assigning People to Tasks

Recruit talented, highly motivated people

Select the best task for each person
Promote team harmony
Plan for the future
Keep the team size small

4-31
 Resource Leveling

Resource leveling a strategy for

correcting resource over-allocations.

Two techniques for resource leveling:

task delaying
task splitting

4-32
 Task Splitting and Task
Delaying
Critical path the sequence of dependent
tasks that determines the earliest possible
completion date of the project.
Tasks on the critical path cannot be delayed without
delaying the entire project. Critical tasks can only be
split.

Slack time the amount of delay that can be

tolerated between the starting time and
completion time of a task without causing a
delay in the completion date of the entire
project.
Tasks that have slack time can be delayed to
4-33 achieve resource leveling
 Activity 6 Direct the Team
Effort
Supervision resources
The Deadline: A Novel
about Project
Management
The People Side of
Systems
The One Minute Manager
The One Minute Manager
Meets the Monkey

Stages of Team
Maturity
(see figure to the right)
4-34
 10 Hints for Project Leadership
1. Be Consistent.
2. Provide Support.
3. Dont Make Promises You Cant Keep.
4. Praise in Public; Criticize in Private.
5. Be Aware of Morale Danger Points.
6. Set Realistic Deadlines.
7. Set Perceivable Targets.
8. Explain and Show, Rather Than Do.
9. Dont Rely on Just Status Reports.
4-35
10. Encourage a Good Team Spirit.
 Activity 7 Monitor and
Control Progress

Progress reporting
Change management
Expectations management
Schedule adjustmentscritical path
analysis (CPA)

4-36
 Sample Outline for Progress
Report
I. Cover Page
A. Project name or identification
B. Project manager
C. Date or report
II. Summary of progress
A. Schedule analysis
B. Budget analysis
C. Scope analysis
(changes that may have an impact on future progress)
D. Process analysis
(problems encountered with strategy or methodology)
E. Gantt progress chart(s)
III. Activity analysis
A. Tasks completed since last report
B. Current tasks and deliverables
C. Short term future tasks and deliverables
4-37 (continued)
 Sample Outline for a Progress
Report (concluded)
IV. Previous problems and issues
A. Action item and status
B. New or revised action items
1. Recommendation
2. Assignment of responsibility
3. Deadline
V. New problems and issues
A. Problems
(actual or anticipated)
B. Issues
(actual or anticipated)
C. Possible solutions
1. Recommendation
2. Assignment of responsibility
3. Deadline
VI. Attachments
4-38 (include relevant printouts from project management software)
 Progress Reporting on a Gantt
Chart

4-39
 Change Management
Change management a formal strategy in which a
process is established to facilitate changes that occur
during a project.

Changes can be the result of various events and factors including:

An omission in defining initial scope
A misunderstanding of the initial scope
An external event such as government regulations that create
new requirements
Organizational changes
Availability of better technology
Shifts in planned technology that force changes to the business
organization, culture, and/or processes
Managements desire to have the system do more
4-40 Reduced funding for project or imposition of an earlier deadline.
 Expectations Management
Expectations management matrix a tool used to
understand the dynamics and impact of changing the
parameters of a project.

The most important The second most important

The least
important

Can have only

one X in each
row and each
column
4-41
 Lunar Project Expectations
Management

4-42
 Typical, Initial Expectations
for a Project

4-43
 Adjusting Expectations

4-44
 Changing Priorities

4-45
 Schedule Adjustments -
Critical Path Analysis
1. Using intertask dependencies, determine every
possible path through the project.
2. For each path, sum the durations of all tasks in
the path.
3. The path with the longest total duration is the
critical path.
The critical path is the sequence of tasks with
the largest sum of most likely durations. The
critical path determines the earliest completion
date of the project.
The slack time for any non-critical task is the
amount of delay that can be tolerated between
starting and completion time of a task without
causing a delay in the entire project.
4-46
 Critical Path Analysis

4-47
 Activity 8 Assess Project
Results and Experiences

Did the final product meet or exceed user

expectations?
Why or why not?
Did the project come in on schedule?
Why or why not?
Did the project come in under budget?
Why or why not?
4-48