Vibration Aspects of TL Engg. - CPRI

VIBRATION ASPECTS
OF
TRANSMISSION LINE COMPONENTS
M. D. Anantha babu ENGG. OFFICER

(Mechanical Engineering Division)
CENTRAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
BANGALORE
INTRODUCTION
 Total performance
Design – Material – Process – Workmanship – Quality &
Inspection
 Product Testing – Evaluation – Qualification
 Mechanical reliability – as important as Electrical reliability
 Cost of line components constitute 30 – 45 %

of overall project cost
PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM
Expected life of Transmission Line 35 Years
ASSURANCE OF
QUALITY
RELIABILITY
SAFETY
MAINTAINABILITY
PREVENTION OF FAILURE
Premature failures (Internal flaws & External factors)
PREDOMINANT FACTOR AFFECTS PERFORMANCE
Natural Wind
WIND INDUCED CONDUCTOR MOTION
AEOLIAN VIBRATION
CONDUCTOR GALLOPPING
WAKE- INDUCED OSCILLATION
LIFE ESTIMATION
NATIONAL / INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

IEEE RECOMMENDATION
TYPES OF WIND INDUCED MOTION
AEOLIAN GALLOP WAKE- INDUCED
LINES AFFECTED ALL ALL LIMITED
FREQUENCY (Hz) 3 - 150 0.08 - 3 0.15 - 10
AMPLITUDE 0.01 - 1 7 - 18 4 - 18
(Pk – Pk)
WIND VELOCITY 1 - 7 7 - 18 4 - 18
(m/s) STEADY STEADY STEADY
BARE/UNIFORM ASYMMETRICAL BARE DRY
ICED ICED
CAUSE-DEVELOP CYCLIC BENDING HIGH DYNAMIC CONDUCTOR

DAMAGE 3 mos 20 YEARS LOADS CLASH
1 - 48 HOURS ACCELERATED
WEAR
1 mo 8 YEARS
AFFECTED CONDUCTOR- CONDUCTOR, SUSPENSION

COMPONENTS SHIELD WIRE HARDWARE,INSULA HARDWARE
STRANDS TOR STRUCTURES SPACERS DAMPERS
CONDUCTOR
STRANDS
Aeolian Vibration
• moderate wind speed 0.8 to 7 m/sec
• frequency lies between 5 to 60 Hz,
• high frequency, low amplitude
• Excessive bending strain near

suspension OR spacer clamp can cause
fatigue failures of conductor strands
• Cumulative effect of the conductor

vibrations can damage the conductor
Conductor Galloping
 Usually occurs in strong wind

 Unstable aerodynamic characteristics
of conductors caused due to
asymmetrical ice deposit
 Very low frequency 0.1 to 0.75 Hz,
amplitude of the same order of the
conductor sag, mode shapes of one,
two or three loops per span
 In general bundle conductors are
more prone to galloping under icing
conditions than single conductors
Modes of oscillation
Wake induced oscillation
 Usually occurs moderate to strong wind

in the range of 7 to 18 m/sec
 Aerodynamic instability of the leeward
sub conductor of the bundle as it
moves in the wake of the windward
ones.
 Frequency lies in the range of 0.7 to 2
Hz, amplitude of 0.5 to 20 times
diameter of conductor
 The most common form of wake
induced oscillation is sub-span mode of
oscillations.
Modes of oscillation
CONDUCTORS
TYPE OF CONDUCTOR : ACSR, AAAC, ACSR/TW, AASC
TYPE TESTS AS PER STANDARDS

TYPE TEST, SURFACE CONDITION TEST, ULTIMATE
BREAKING LOAD TEST, STRESS-STRAIN TEST, SELF
DAMPING TEST., ETC
SURFACE
SURFACE CONDITION/
CONDITION/UBL
UBL TEST
TEST
C
FE
LC HL D
PP
LI
FEASIBILITY STUDIES ON ACSS CONDUCTOR
HIGH TEMPERATURE & LOW SAG CONDUCTORS
FEASIBILITY STUDIES ON ACSS CONDUCTOR
INSULATOR
Porcelain, glass insulators , polymeric insulators
Mechanical test on insulators

24 HOURS MECHANICAL TEST, BENDING TEST,
FATIGUE/ VIBRATION TEST ., ETC
TYPE OF INSULATOR STRINGS
1. Single suspension “I” & “V” string
2. Double suspension “I” & “V” string
3. Single/twin/triple/quad tension string
4. Single/twin/triple/quad suspension string
Electro mechanical strength of insulator disc
45 kN, 70 kN, 90 kN, 120 KN, 210 KN, 245 KN

STRESSES IN INSULATORS
A. Static Stress due to tension
B. Bending stress due to Sag
C. Dynamic Stress due to Wind induced vibration
D. Ultimate dynamic limit stress
E. Static Ultimate stress limit
A+B+C D withstand Fatigue test
A+B+C Not withstand

QUAD TENSION STRING FOR 800 K V SYSTEM
V STRING FOR 400 K V SYSTEM
V-STRING INSULATOR
UNDER FATIGUE TEST
QUAD TENSION STRING

UNDER FATIGUE TEST
ELECTRO MECHANICAL SHAKER SYSTEM
FATIGUE/VIBRATION TEST ON INSULATOR
STRING
FAILURE OF INSULATOR STRING FAILURE OF BALL

PIN
FATIGUE/VIBRATION TEST ON INSULATOR
STRING
FAILURE OF CORONA RINGS

POLYMERIC INSULATOR (132 kV)
VIBRATION DAMPERS
 Self damping capacity of ACSR/AAAC conductors is too low

to dissipate effectively the wind induced vibration energy
 Use of external devices to supplement the dissipation of

energy to reduce the fatigue failure
 The mechanical behavior of different type of dampers

to be evaluated
 Effectiveness of vibration damper depends on location,

conductor tension, diameter, frequency etc.
 Energy imparted to the conductor by wind should be

dissipated by the conductor and external damping device
Pw = Pc + Pd
Pw - power imparted into the conductor by wind

Pc - Power dissipated by the conductor
Pd - Power dissipated by the damper
VIBRATION DAMPER
TYPE OF DAMPERS: 2-R, 4-R, DOG BONE, BRETTLE, TORSIONAL

TESTS ON DAMPERS:
Clamp Slip Test, Clamp Bolt Torque Test, Mass Pull Off Test,
Damping Efficiency Test, Dynamic Characteristic Test,
Fatigue/Vibration Test ., Etc

6 R - VIBRATION DAMPER
DAMPER
DAMPER EFFICIENCY/
EFFICIENCY/FAT-VIB
FAT-VIBTEST
TEST
ET A EP ET LC SPB EW (LE)
FE
VD
MS ES LI
DAMPER EFFICIENCY TEST ON
4R VIBRATION DAMPER FOR ACSR MOOSE
70
60
50
% EFFICIENCY
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
ACCEPTANCE CURVE 4R VIBRATION DAMPER
FREQUENCY in Hz
SPAN= 400 m. TENSION=25% OF UTS
{FOR ACCEPTANCE CURVE ONLY}
DAMPER EFFICIENCY CURVE
DYNAMIC
DYNAMICCHARACTERISTIC
CHARACTERISTIC TEST
TEST
FT
EDS
ROCTEST RECORDERS IN POSITION
ROCTEST VIBRATION RECORDER
SAFE LIMIT FOR VIBRATION DAMPER
Bending Amplitude  = 230 dy
 = Strain in micro inch/inch
d = Individual strand dia. in inch
y = BA in mills (Pk-Pk)
Safe limit - BA 10 mils (Pk-Pk) or
0.25 mm (Pk-Pk)
BS- 300 micro strain (Pk-Pk)
GILBERT “ Transmission line reference book- Wind induced conductor

motion” EPRI Research digest 742, USA 1979
SPACER DAMPERS
PURPOSE :
- To maintain the separation of sub conductors used in bundle
conductor design.
- Reduce the level of aeolian vibration and sub conductor oscillation
- Sub conductor spacing 450 mm
TYPE OF SPACER DAMPER
-TWIN SPACER/SPACER DAMPERS
-QUAD SPACER/SPACER DAMPERS

SPACER / SPACER DAMPERS
TEST CONDUCTED:
CLAMP SLIP TEST, MECHANICAL TEST, TENSILE AND
COMPRESSIVE TEST , LOG DECREMENT TEST, DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTIC TEST, FATIGUE/ VIBRATION TEST ., ETC
QUAD SPACER DAMPER
LOG
LOGDECREMENT/
DECREMENT/FAT-VIB
FAT-VIBTEST
TEST
C
LOG
LOG DECREMENT
S P -DP DECREMENT TEST
TEST LC
EW
FE
AC
OS C ES LI
EFFECTIVENESS
OF DAMPING
LOG DECREMENT CURVE
DYNAMIC
DYNAMICCHARACTERISTIC
CHARACTERISTICTEST
TEST
LOG
LOG DECREMENT
DECREMENT TEST
TEST
STIFFNESS
DAMPING FACTOR
OTHER LINE HARDWARE
Corona control ring, yoke plate, arching horn,

tension clamps, suspension clamps etc
NEW TESTS/ PRODUCTS
1000 KVA SUBSTATION UNIT - SAUDI ARABIA
HOT LINE TOOLS - ELECTRICITY COMPANIES
POLE BASED MODULAR WORK STATION
CABLE TRAY
COMPOSITE SILICON INSULATOR
INSULATION PIERCING CONNECTOR

NEW FACILITIES
NEW WAKE SIMULATION LABORATORY

FOR CONDUCTING TESTS ON 800 KV HVDC
STRINGS AND HARDWARE

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VIBRATION ASPECTS

M. D. Anantha babu ENGG. OFFICER

 Product Testing – Evaluation – Qualification

 Mechanical reliability – as important as Electrical reliability

 Cost of line components constitute 30 – 45 %

Expected life of Transmission Line 35 Years

WAKE- INDUCED OSCILLATION

NATIONAL / INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

AEOLIAN GALLOP WAKE- INDUCED

LINES AFFECTED ALL ALL LIMITED

FREQUENCY (Hz) 3 - 150 0.08 - 3 0.15 - 10

CAUSE-DEVELOP CYCLIC BENDING HIGH DYNAMIC CONDUCTOR

AFFECTED CONDUCTOR- CONDUCTOR, SUSPENSION

• frequency lies between 5 to 60 Hz,

• high frequency, low amplitude

• Excessive bending strain near

• Cumulative effect of the conductor

 Usually occurs in strong wind

 Usually occurs moderate to strong wind

TYPE OF CONDUCTOR : ACSR, AAAC, ACSR/TW, AASC

TYPE TESTS AS PER STANDARDS

Mechanical test on insulators

1. Single suspension “I” & “V” string

2. Double suspension “I” & “V” string

3. Single/twin/triple/quad tension string

4. Single/twin/triple/quad suspension string

Electro mechanical strength of insulator disc

45 kN, 70 kN, 90 kN, 120 KN, 210 KN, 245 KN

A. Static Stress due to tension

B. Bending stress due to Sag

C. Dynamic Stress due to Wind induced vibration

D. Ultimate dynamic limit stress

E. Static Ultimate stress limit

A+B+C D withstand Fatigue test

A+B+C Not withstand

QUAD TENSION STRING

FAILURE OF INSULATOR STRING FAILURE OF BALL

FAILURE OF CORONA RINGS

 Self damping capacity of ACSR/AAAC conductors is too low

 Use of external devices to supplement the dissipation of

 The mechanical behavior of different type of dampers

 Effectiveness of vibration damper depends on location,

 Energy imparted to the conductor by wind should be

Pw - power imparted into the conductor by wind

TYPE OF DAMPERS: 2-R, 4-R, DOG BONE, BRETTLE, TORSIONAL

Fatigue/Vibration Test ., Etc

Bending Amplitude  = 230 dy

 = Strain in micro inch/inch

d = Individual strand dia. in inch

Safe limit - BA 10 mils (Pk-Pk) or

BS- 300 micro strain (Pk-Pk)

GILBERT “ Transmission line reference book- Wind induced conductor

- To maintain the separation of sub conductors used in bundle

- Reduce the level of aeolian vibration and sub conductor oscillation

- Sub conductor spacing 450 mm

TYPE OF SPACER DAMPER

-TWIN SPACER/SPACER DAMPERS

-QUAD SPACER/SPACER DAMPERS

Corona control ring, yoke plate, arching horn,