GENERATOR

PROTECIONS
-Only stator considered as power circuit element.
-Its Protection need more attention. -
Experience Internal faults.
-System reflected faults.
Prime-Mover faults.
INTERNAL ELECTRICAL FAULTS
 PHASE-PHASE FAULTS.
 PHASE-GROUND FAULTS.
 INTER-TURN FAULTS.
 DC- EXCITATION FAULTS.
 SYSTEM REFLECTED FAULTS
 EXCESSIVE STATOR CURRENT.
 LOW FREQUENCY.
 OVER VOLTAGE.
 MOTORING OF GENERATOR.
 UNBALANCE CURRENT CAUSING
NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE
CURRENS.
 LOSS OF SYNCHRONISM.
 CAPABILITY CURVE
 STATOR CURRENT OR HEATING LIMIT.
 ROTOR HEATING LIMIT.
 UNDER EXCITATION LIMIT.
 MAXIMUM ACTIVE POWER CAPABILITY
 MAXIMUM ‘MVARS’ SUPPLIED LIMIT.
 MAXIMUM ‘MVARS’ ABSORBED LIMIT.
 GEN.CAN ABSORB OR
PRODUCE,REACTIVE POWER.
 SPECIFICATIONS
 1-SYSTEM FREQUENCY. Hz
 2-MVA RATING. MVA
 3-VOLTAGE RATING. KV
 4-POWER FACTOR.
 5-SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE. PU
 6-TRANSIENT-REACTANCE. PU
 7-SUB-TRANSIENT REACTANCE. PU
 8-NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CAPABILITY. PU
 9-MOTORING POWER. KW
 WINDING CAPACITANCE. µF
 STANDARD PROTECTION
SCHEMES
 DESIGNATION NO. TYPE.
 87 GEN.DIFFERENTIAL
 51 STATOR EARTH FAULT
 50 INSTANTANEOUS O/C.
 46 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQ.
 40 LOSS OF EXCITATION.
 24 VOLT / HERTZ RELAY.
 32 REVERSE POWER.
 64 ROTOR EARTTH FAULT, AC
 INJECTION.
 27 UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY.
 59 OVER VOLTAGE RELAY.
 81 UNDER FREQUENCY RELAY.
 52 CIRCUIT BREAKER.
 21 IMPEDANCE RELAY.
 67 DIRECTIONAL O/C(V-RESTR.)
 61 BREAKER POLE FAILURE
 49 STATOR OVER-LOAD.( TEMP.)
 60 VT FUSE LOSS.
 70 OUT-OF-STEP.
 25 SYNCHRO-CHECK RELAY.
 TYPE OF GROUNDING
 -SOLID;
 LOWEST SYSTEM Zo,FAULT CURRENT
VERY HIGH,EASY EARTH FAULT
DETECTION,NO ARCING GROUNDS, as If
>>Ichargeing.
 RESISTANCE(NGR);
 REDUCED FAULT CURRENT,REDUCED
TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGES,NOT SELF
EXTINGUISHING,EARH FAULT RELATIVELY
EASY TO DETECT>
 REACTANCE;
 LOWER FAULT CURRENT,HIGHER
TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGES,CHEAPER AT
HIGHER VOLTAGE LEVEL,OVER VOLTAGES
DURING EARTH FAULTS.0.8 TO 1.Vφ-φ
 PETERSON COIL;
 Xe =∑X charging, ARCING FAULTS SELF
EXTINGUISHING, GOOD FOR TRANSIENT
FAULT,OVER VOLTAGES DURING EARH
FAULTS = Vφ-φ, RESTRICT USE OF AUTO-
TRANSFORMER,DETECTION OF EARTH
FAULT DIFFICULT.
 PROTECTION SCHEME
59

V.T
59N

V/F

46
32
51 C.T

I.C.T.

87G

26
G
~
64F

40

26
SHAFT
CURRENT
46
C.T

21
32

59N
 POWER SYSTEM
 INTERACTION
OFCOMPONENTS,GENERATORS,TRANSMIS
SION AND LOAD.
 THREE PHASE BALANCED
SYSTEM,ENERGISED AT DIFFERENT
VOLTAGE LEVELS.
 OBJECTIVES; MINIMUM LOSSES,SAFETY
AND AVAILABILITY.
 FRQUENCY;INDICATOR OF ACTIVE POWER.
 VOLTAGE;INDICATOR OF REACTIVE POW
 MECHANISM OF FAULT
CURRENT FLOW
 DURING EARTH FAULT CURRENT FLOW S VIA
GROUND TOWARDS SOURCE,REALISING
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION AND SHRING OF CURRENT
BASED ON IMPEDANCES.
 GENERATOR PRODUCE ONLY POSITIVE
SEQUENCE;NEGATIVE AND ZERO AT FAULT POINT.
 PH-PH FAULTS,POS.AND NEG.SEQUENCE
PRESENT.
 PH-G FAULTS; POS. NEG. AND ZERO SEQUENCE
PRESENT.
 CONVERSION OF FAULT CURRENT IN DELTA-STAR
WINDING.
Generator Current During Fault
Sequence Components
Sequence Components During Fault
 COMPONENTS OF A
PROTECTIVE SYSTEM
 CT,VT,CVT ARE SENSING DEVICES.
 RELAYS.
 BREAKERS FOR ISOLATION.
 GROUNDING SYSTEM FOR SAFETY.
 DC SYSTEM FOR RELAYS AND
CONTROL SUPPLY.
 PLC AND SCADA SYSTEMS.
 CAUSES OF ABNORMAL
CONDITIONS
 SYSTEM SHORT CIRCUITS.
 SWITCHING OVER VOLTAGES.
 FERRANTI EFFECT ON LONG HV LINES.
 LIGHTNING OVER VOLTAGES.
 SHIFTING OF SYSTEM NEUTRAL.
 DAMAGE PROPORTIONAL TO MAGNITUDE
OF FAULT CURRENT AND FAULT DURATION.
 TO KEEP IT NORMAL, NEED A PROTECTIVE
SYSTEM.
LOWERING TO SAFE VOLTAGES
 PRINCIPLE; SPREADING OUT ELECTRIC
CHARGE OVER LARGE EARTH SURFACE.
 VOLTAGE GRADIANT DURING GROUND
FAULTS.
 TOUCH AND STEP
POTENTIALS,RECOMMENDING EARTH
MESH.
 ARCING PHENOMENON AT HIGH
IMPEDANCE GROUNDS.
Voltage Gradient
 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
ELECTRICITY
 300 mA Severe burns, breathing stops.
 150 mA Ventricular fibrillation.
 60 mA Extreme breathing difficulties.
 30 mA Severe shock, muscle problem
 15 mA Can not let go.
 7 mA painful shock.
 2 mA Mild sensation.
 Potential difference essential for current to flow.
 Elecrical contact not essential for electric shock.
 IMPEDANCE RELAYS
 Plainimpedance: Only voltage and current
torques are compared.
CIRCUMFRENCE PASSING I
THROUGH ORIGON.
INHERENTLY V
DIRECTIONAL. V
MAXIMUM TORQUE I MHO
V
ALONG MAXIMUM CHORD.
TORQUE IS
PROPORTIONAL TO
PRODUCT OF V&I, WITH V
THIRD QUANTITY V.
 LOSS OF FIELD,IMPEDANCE
RELAY CHARACTERISTICS
Full Load
Generator Impedance

Impedance
Loss of relay trip
field zone
locus
Differential Protection, 87
CT STATOR

P1 P2 P1 P2

S1 S2
S1 S2

OPERATING
COIL

RESTRAING
COIL
 GENERATOR GROUND FAULT
PROTECTION

A
B
Stator
C
CT
51

NGR
 OVER VOLTAGE,59 & UNDER
VOLTAGE ,27 (3rd Harmonic)
 Used with secondary winding of earthing Transformer, in
generator neutral.
 Impedance of earthing transformer is equal to winding
capacitance impedance.
 3rd Harmonics are produced due to winding capacitance.
 Usually impedance of earthing transformer limit the fault
current from 5A to 15A.
 59, is set to operate at 5% of maximum neutral voltage.
Protect only 95% winding.
 27, sense the 3rd harmonic voltage.27 & 59 bring 100%
stator earth fault. Inject 15 to 20 Hz into neutral via
secondary of earthing Transformer and measure current.
 LOSS OF EXCITATION, 40
 BY UNINTENTIONAL OPENING OF FIELD BREAKER.
 OPEN OR SHORT CIRCUIT OF MAIN FIELD WINDING.
 FAULT IN THE ‘AVR’.
 GENERATOR GOES OUT OF SYNCHRONISM.
 STAOR CURRENT INCREASES.
 OPERATES AS INDUCTION GENERATOR.
 STILL DELIVERING ‘MW’.
 SPEED HIGHER THAN THE SYSTEM.
 ABSORB ‘VARS’ FROM SYSTEM FOR EXCITATION
AND VOLOTAGE DROPS IN THE SYSTEM
 EMF BECOMES LESS THAN TERMINAL VOLTAGE.
 40-cont…..
 STATOR END REGIONS AND ROTOR
OVERHEATED.
 SALIENT POLE MACHINES ARE LESS
SENSITIVE THAN WOUND ROTOR.
 MEASURE CURRENT IN EXCITATION
CIRCUIT,USING UNDER CURRENT RELAY.
 USE DIRECTIONAL REACTIVE POWER
MEASURING RELAY.
 USE IMPEDANCE RELAY TO DETECT
IMPEDANCE LOCUS IN 4TH QUADRENT.
 ROTOR EARTH FAULT,64
 FIELD WINDING IS ELECRICALLY ISOLATED FROM
GROUND.
 INSULATION FAILS DUE TO VIBRATIO,EXCESSIVE
FIELD CURRENT AND FAULTY COOLING.
 FIRST GROUND-NO HARM BUT INCREASED
STRESSES TO GROUND AT OTHER POINTS
ESPECIALLY BY STATOR TRANSIENTS.
 TWO OR MORE GROUNDS CAUSE MAGNETIC AND
THERMAL UNBALANCES.
 PESENCE OF FIRST GROUND FAULT MAKES
DETECTION OF SECOND FAULT DIFFICULT.
 BYPASSED WINDING DUE TO DOUBLE GROUND
WILL UNBALANCE THE AIR GAP FLUXES.
 64 cont….
 Increased field current unbalance the magnetic
forces on opposite side of rotor.
 Create vibration, spring the shaft and may rotor
grind against the stator.
 Conventional scheme using high impedance
ground of field DC.
 AC injection, 40V from 110V VTs is connected
to excitation circuit via a capacitive voltage
divider and measure AC leakage current.
 Inject 50V DC supply and measure leakage
current.
 AC Injection Method
VT
40V
SUPPLY

CURRENT
TRIGGER

ROTOR

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE
DEVIDER
Conventional Ground Protection

EXCITER BEARING
FIELD WINDING

SLIP
RINGS

GROUNDIN
G BRUSH

LEAKAGE
RELAY
 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE
CURREN PROTECTION,46.
 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CURRENTS(I2)ARE
GENERATED DUE TO UNBALANCE LOAD.
 SINGLE AND TWO PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT’
 NON TRANSPOSED LINES HAVING UNBALANCED
CAPACITANCE.
 WITH BALANCED LOAD AMPERE-TURN WAVE
PRODUCED BY STATOR CURRENT ROTAES
SYNCHRONOUSLY WITH ROTOR.
 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CURRNT HAS OPPOSITE
PHASE ROTATION AND PRODUCE ADDITIONAL
AMPERE-TURN WAVE,WHICH ROTATES IN
OPPOSITE DIRECTION.THUS FLUX WAVES ROTATE
RELATIVELY AT TWICE THE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
 46 cont…..
 DOUBLE FREQUENCY CURRENT INCREASE
EDDY-LOSSES WHICH CAUSE EXCESSIVE
OVER-HEATING.
 ABOVE CONTINUOUS ‘I2’ LIMIT, I2²t FACTOR
IS ESTABLISHED FOR TEMPRATURE RISE.
 CTs BASED I2 FILTERS OR FOURIOR-
ANALYSIS OF CURRENT WAVE-FORM,THEN
USE OF OVER CURRENT RELAY.
 Negative Sequence Relay
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY 46
ALARM
STAGE TIMER

I2 ALARM

TRIP STAGE

THERMAL REPLICA

&
70

60
TIME

50

40

30

20

10

100 200 300 400 500 600

NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CURRENT I2

 REVERSE POWER RELAYS, 32.
 EITHER TURBINE OUTPUT REDUCES LESS THAN
NO LOAD LOSSES, WHILE THE GENERATOR IS
STILL ON-LINE.
 GENERATOR ENERGISED AT LOW SPEED.
 SYNCHRONISING ERRORS(180°)
 GENERATOR OPERATE AS SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
 GENERATOR WILL NOT BE HARMED,PRIME MOVER
MAY HAVE SERIOUS DAMAGE.
 ACTIVE POWER FLOWS INTO GENERATOR.
 REVERSE POWER RELAY MEASURES LOW POWER
LEVEL ATLOW POWER FACTOR TO AVOID FALSE
TRIP ON POWER SWING.DELAYED PICK UP IS ALSO
SUGGESTED.
 INADVERTANT
ENERGIZATION.50/27
 OCCUR WHEN ENERGISED ON 3-PHASE
WHILE STAND STILL OR REDUCED SPEED.
 IT WILL ACCELERATE AS INDUCTION
MOTOR.
 MACHINE CURRENT BECOMES HIGH.
 OVER CURRENT RELAYARMED BY A SPEED
RELAY.
 OVER CURRENT RELAY WITH AN UNDER
VOLTAGE RELAY.
 24 cont…..
 INTER-LAMINAR INSULATION BREAK
DOWN FOLLOWED BY CORE MELTING.
 CAUSES:
 REGULATOR FAILURE.
 LOAD REJECTION.
 EXCESSIVE EXCITATION.
 CONTINUOUS OPERATION ABOVE
105% IS NOT RECOMMENDED.
 AFFECTS ON PRIME MOVER
 STEAM TURBINES:
 STEAM INTAKE RAISES THE TEMPRATURE AS ACTIVE LOAD
IS REMOVED.
 WINDAGE LOSS HEAT IS NOT PROPERLY REMOVED.
 HEATING OF LOW PRESSURE BLADES.
 HYDRAL TURBINE:
 KAPLAN & BULB TYPE ARE MORE SENSATIVE.
 SURFING OF TUBINE BLADES OCCURS
 AXIAL TORQUE ALONG WITH ROTATIONAL TORQUE- BEARING
DAMAGES.
 DIESAL ENGINES:EXPLOSION FROM UNBURN FUEL
 GAS-TURBINES:
 POWER TO MOTOR A GAS TURBINE IS 10 TO 25% OF FULL
LOAD RATING DUE TO COMPRESSOR LOAD.
 HIGH ACTIVE LOAD IS SHIFTED TO THE SYSTEM.
 VOLT/HERTZ , 24.
 MEASURE OF FLUX IN THE CORE OF
GENERATOR.
 FLUX, B α V/ f.
 MODERATE OVER-
FLUXING,105%TO110%,CORE LOSS
INCREASES.
 MORE SEVERE ABOVE110 %,FLUX
OVER FLOWS INTO ADJACENT
STRUCYURE.
Neutral Earth Fault

UNIT TRANSFORMER

GENERATOR

WINDING CAPACITANCE

100%
95%
59 27

- +
Relaying with Earthing Transformer

GEN

LOADING
180 HZ
EARTHING RESISTOR 27
59
TRANSFORMER

50
 Over voltage 59

59

VT

GEN Z