CSEC Geography Notes

CXC geo 2015
Question 6
Economic Development
Define the term secondary industry and give one
example of a secondary industry that you have studied.
3marks
Secondary industries are those industries which process, refine,
assemble or transform raw material in some way into more valuable
products. Example garment manufacturing.
State three ways by which countries can benefit from
the development of secondary industries. 3 marks
Provide jobs for low skilled labour

Earn more foreign exchange than when raw materials are exported
Local manufacturing reduces imports and increases exports.
State two economic factors which may influence the
location of a secondary economic activity. 2 marks
Cost of labour ( compared to other countries)

Economic incentives from governments (such as exemption from tax
duty)
Explain three policies that government may use to
promote sustainable development in primary economic
activities. 6 marks
Zoning of forests, and enforcement of laws to prevent overharvesting
of timber or clear cutting.
Create a closed (no harvest) season for certain marine life such as
conch and lobster during the months when most breeding takes
place, so that the stock can replenish itself each year.
Prohibit the sale of conch and lobster below a certain size so that they
are given a chance to mature.
Explain three challenges faced by one of the following
activities in a Caribbean country. Fishing. Forestry.
Mining. 6 marks
Fishing in Belize
Competition from international factory fishing ships. It is hard to
control the presence of theses foreign ships which use satellite and
sonar equipment to overharvest fish and deplete the stock.
The species most valuable commercial species for export such as
marlin, grouper and some types of tuna are threatened by extinction
due to overfishing.
While shrimp export is very profitable in Belize, shrimp trawling is
indiscriminate and catches too many young fish, often up to six times
the weight of the shrimp harvested.
Define the term economic activity 2
marks
Actions that involve the production, distribution and consumption of
goods and services at all levels within a society.
For one type of economic activity you have studied,
describe three changes that have taken place. 6 marks
Agriculture
Preferential trade agreements with the UK and Europe were cancelled
and commercial sugar and bananas became unprofitable.
Employment in agriculture has fallen dramatically due to trade
liberalization causing loss of markets for products and increased
mechanization of agriculture.
Agriculture is no longer the largest or most important contributor to
GDP. Residential, manufacturing and tourism uses now compete for
prime agricultural land.
Explain three challenges faced by two types of
economic activity in the Caribbean. 12 marks
Fishing
Overfishing of major commercial species particularly grouper has
severely damaged the fish stock in Belize
Shrimp trawling is highly profitable but, it can catch as many as 6kg of
young unwanted fish for every 1kg of shrimp. This means less fish will
mature to commercial size.
It is difficult to control foreign owned factory ships from Aisia which
compete for Caribbean fish stock. The ships use satellite and sonar
equipment to find and gather fish in an unsustainable way.
Agriculture challenges
Prime agricultural land now under intense competition by other land
uses such as manufacturing, tourist accommodation and residential
development.
Preferential trade agreements with Europe that previously made
banana and sugar cultivation profitable were cancelled due to trade
liberalization. Most of the Caribbeans agricultural products cannot
compete on world markets.
Agriculture is also seeing a shortage of labour supply in the
Caribbean, since most young people prefer to work in tourism,
services or other industries even when agricultural work is available.
Name and give an example of two
type of economic activities in the
Caribbean 2marks
Primary economic activity e.g. agriculture
Secondary economic activity e.g. food processing
For a named Caribbean country, describe two factors
which influence the location of a specific type of
economic activity. 6 marks
In Belize the fishing industry has been located there because
There is a 280 km long barrier reef where living coral, fish and crustaceans
thrive. The coral reefs, mangroves and sea grass beds provide food and
shelter for a large variety and huge numbers of fish. This makes Belize's
fishing grounds productive in deep and shallow water.
In many locations communities are organized for commercial fishing. 60 %

of fishers belong to well run co-operatives which allow more sustainable
management of marine stock and maintain profitability for Belize.
With reference to a named Caribbean Country, explain
how the tourism industry has been affected by the
recent global recession. Include Three points in your
answer. 6 marks
Stay over tourist decreased by 25 % or more in some Caribbean areas.
This decreases profit for small business and local hotel industries.
The proportion of tourist choosing cruise ship vacations has
increased while the proportion of stay over visitors is decreasing. Stay
over visitors spend much more in a country than cruise ship visitors,
because food lodging and entertainment is catered for n the ship.
In light of the recession, north American consumers are choosing
packaged tours in all inclusive resorts because the entire cost of trip
can be planned ahead of time.
Explain three challenges faced by either mining or
fishing or forestry in a named Caribbean country. 6
marks
Fishing Belize
Overfishing of crustaceans.
Shrimp trawling damage
Competing fishing factry ships and shrimp farms
Describe four ways in which the food processing
industry is important in the Caribbean. 8 marks
Low skilled employment
Increase value of agricultural exports e.g.. Caribbean fish frozen
products catch higher price, Trinidad chocolate as oppose to cocoa
Food processing decreases the import bill, e.g. cheaper raw materials
are imported and made into high value items like breakfast cereals
and soft drinks.
Export processing zones help to industrialize the islands
Name and give an example of TWO types of
economic activities in the Caribbean. 2 marks
Primary economic activity-farming/agriculture
Secondary economic activity- food processing
For a named Caribbean country, describe TWO factors
which influence the location of a specific type of
economic activity. 6 marks
In Belize the fishing industry is located along much of its coast.
This economic activity is highly profitable in Belize because of the
presence of a 280 km long barrier reef which acts as a spawning ground
and protection for young fish as well as habitat for conch, lobster and
shrimp.
Government policies have promoted aquaculture along its flat coastal
plains as a means of increasing production after harvest fell due to
unsustainable harvesting. Now there are 28 square km of shrimp farms
along the coast.
For the economic activity identified
in b) ii explain two challenges it
faces 4 marks
There is competition from Asian shrimp farms which produce cheaper
products and Foreign factory ships which use sonar and satellite
equipment to overfish the stock off the coast of Belize.
Shrimp trawling damages the sea bed and catches and excess of
young fish before they get time to mature to commercial size.
A
For a named Caribbean country, describe TWO factors
lt which influence the location of a specific type of
e economic activity. 6 marks
r
n
a In Trinidad, the secondary economic activity of methanol production
ti is located at Point Lisas.
v
e Seven methanol plants are located in Point Lisas because natural gas
is extracted in southern Trinidad and a component of natural gas
a forms the major raw material for methanol production. (Methanol is a liquid
n and is much easier to transport than natural gas, so the manufacturing is located nearest the source of gas.)
s
w
The coastal site it is placed on is influenced by the need for a deep
e water port which the chemical tankers use to ship liquid methanol to
r north America and Europe.
http://www.energy.gov.tt/our-business/lng-petrochemicals/petrochemi
cals/methanol/
Can you Your text here
see the
straight
pipes
from
the
plant to
deep
water?
For the economic activity identified
in b) ii explain two challenges it
faces 4 marks
The raw material Natural Gas is a non renewable resource, which may
run out or decrease in production in the near future
There is ongoing pressure from the world governing bodies to reduce
the use of fossil fuels and decrease output of carbon dioxide from
sources such as methanol
For either food processing or garment
manufacturing, explain how the development of
the industry in both a named Caribbean country
and either Singapore or Hong Kong is influenced
by any two of the follow: Labour, Raw materials,
Market. 8 marks.
In Hong Kong labour is relatively cheap, especially in the past when the industry was
developing and this lead to cheap easily marketed products. Labour in Trinidad by
contrast is extremely expensive since wages are high relative to other countries. The
influence of high wages on the garment industry in Trinidad has led to a shrinking of the
industry overtime to niche markets such as tailored, professional office wear for banks
etc.
In Hong Kong access to UK and European markets had lead to vast expansion and
growth in garment industry until 2005 when Chinas cheaper garments were allowed to
compete for these markets on an equal footing. As Hong Kongs market share declined
the industry growth began to stagnate. In Trinidad and Tobago the niche markets are
restricted so the garment industry has been redirected towards international luxery
markets via high value fashion design such as Meiling and Claudia Pegus designs.
Fishing in Belize
Challenges
Sustainability
Location of
Story
Belizes story
They have a barrier reef But
And that gives them a lot of fish Shrimp trawling hurts young fish
And a large percentage of their So 28km squared shrimp farm
GDP Closed season for lobster
But Grouper was overfished Ban on grouper
Conch too Bans below a certain size
Over 60% in these large cool Marine heritage parks
cooperatives,
Still cant fight factory ships.
they manage, buy, sell, process
and negotiate prices.
Garment Construction
Hong Kong Trinidad
Cheap labour Most of the garment industry closed
down, moved to countries with
Stable government, strong lower wages decades ago.
economy Niche market only now: Janooras
Previous preferential access to Custom made work uniforms & York
Europe (was part of UK) T shirts
Since 2005 outcompeted by Was always outcompeted in main
markets.
when markets opened up China.
Competes in fashion industry
instead.

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CXC geo 2015

Provide jobs for low skilled labour

Cost of labour ( compared to other countries)

In many locations communities are organized for commercial fishing. 60 %

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