Vibration

Vibration
Any motion that repeats itself after an interval

of time is called vibration or oscillation.
The swinging of a pendulum and the motion of
a plucked string are typical examples of
vibration.
The theory of vibration deals with the study of
oscillatory motions of bodies and
the forces associated with them.
Elementary Parts of Vibrating Systems
A vibratory system, in general, includes a means

for storing potential energy (spring or
elasticity), a means for storing kinetic energy
(mass or inertia), and a means by which
energy is gradually lost (damper).
The vibration of a system involves the transfer of
its potential energy to kinetic energyand of
kinetic energy to potential energy, alternately.
Elementary Parts of Vibrating Systems
If the system is damped, some energy is
dissipated in each cycle of vibration and must be
replaced by an external source if a state of
steady vibration is to be maintained.
Number of Degrees of Freedom
The minimum number of independent
coordinates required to determine completely
the positions of all parts of a system at any
instant of time defines the number of degrees of
freedom of the syste
The simple pendulum shown in Fig.1, as well as
each of the systems shown in Fig. 2, represents
a single-degree-of-freedom system.
Infinite degrees of Freedom
Infinite degrees of Freedom
The infinite number of coordinates defines its

elastic deflection curve. Thus the cantilever
beam has an infinite number of degrees of
freedom.
Discrete and Continuous Systems
Systems with a finite number of degrees of
freedom are called discrete or lumped
parameter systems.
Those with an infinite number of degrees of

freedom are called continuous or distributed
systems.
Classification of Vibration
Vibration can be classified in several ways. Some
of the important classifications are as follows:
Free Vibration : If a system, after an initial
disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own, the
ensuing vibration is known as free vibration. No
external force acts on the system. The oscillation
of a simple pendulum is an example of free
vibration.
Vibration can be classified in several ways. Some
of the important classifications are as follows:
Forced Vibration: If a system is subjected to an
external force (often, a repeating type
of force), the resulting vibration is known as
forced vibration. The oscillation that arises in
machines such as diesel engines is an example
of forced vibration.
If the frequency of the external force coincides
with one of the natural frequencies of
If the frequency of the external force coincides
with one of the natural frequencies of the
system, a condition known as resonance occurs,
and the system undergoes dangerously
large oscillations.
Failures of such structures as buildings, bridges,
turbines, and airplane wings have been
associated with the occurrence of resonance.
Undamped and Damped Vibration:
If no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or
other resistance during oscillation, the vibration
is known as undamped vibration.
If any energy is lost in this way, however, it is
called damped vibration.
Linear and Nonlinear Vibration :
If all the basic components of a vibratory system
the spring, the mass, and the damper behave
linearly, the resulting vibration is known as
linear vibration.
If, however, any of the basic components behave
nonlinearly, the vibration is called nonlinear
vibration.
Linear and Nonlinear Vibration :
Since all vibratory systems tend to behave
nonlinearly with change in amplitude of
oscillation, a knowledge of nonlinear vibration is
desirable in dealing with practical vibratory
systems.
Deterministic and Random Vibration :
If the value or magnitude of the excitation (force or
motion) acting on a vibratory system is known at any
given time, the excitation is called deterministic. The
resulting vibration is known as deterministic
vibration.
In some cases, the excitation is nondeterministic or
random; the value of the excitation at a given time
cannot be predicted. In these cases, a large collection
of records of the excitation may exhibit some
statistical regularity.
Deterministic and Random Vibration :
Vibration Analysis Procedure
Step 1: Mathematical Modeling.
Step 2: Derivation of Governing Equations.
Step 3: Solution of the Governing Equations.
Step 4: Interpretation of the Results.

Mathematical Model of a Motorcycle
Mathematical Model of a forging hammer.
Springs in Parallel :
keq = k1 + k2
Springs in Series :
Figure shows the suspension system of a freight truck with a
parallel-spring arrangement. Find the equivalent spring constant
of the suspension if each of the three helical springs is made of
steel with a shear modulus G = 80 * 109 N/m2 and has five
effective turns, mean coil diameter, D = 20 cm, and wire
diameter d = 2 cm.
Determine the torsional spring constant of the
steel propeller shaft shown in Fig.

Vibration

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Vibration

Any motion that repeats itself after an interval

A vibratory system, in general, includes a means

The infinite number of coordinates defines its

Those with an infinite number of degrees of

Step 2: Derivation of Governing Equations.

Step 3: Solution of the Governing Equations.

Step 4: Interpretation of the Results.

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