MECH4450 Introduction to Finite

Element Methods

Basic Principles
 Historical Background
Hrenikoff, 1941 frame work method
Courant, 1943 piecewise polynomial
interpolation
Turner, 1956 derived stiffness matrices for
truss, beam, etc
Clough, 1960 coined the term finite element
Key Ideas: - frame work method
piecewise polynomial approximation

Courant Clough
Applications of FEM
 Applications: Aerospace
Engineering (AE)

4
 Applications: Civil Engineering
(CE)

5
 Applications: Electrical
Engineering (EE)

6
 Applications: Biomedical
Engineering (BE)

7
Cosmetic Dentistry
The Future Virtual Engineering

8
 Axially Loaded Bar
Review:

P
Stress: Stress:
P
A A

Strain: = Strain: =

Deformation:
PL 1
Deformation: =
EA 0
 Axially Loaded Bar
Review:
P

Governing equation: Assume f is constant

+
= 0 = + P

+P +P
Stress at x: = =

+ P
= = = +P


=

 Axially Loaded Bar Governing
Equations and Boundary
Conditions
Differential Equation
d du
EA( x ) f ( x) 0 0 x L
dx dx
Boundary Condition Types
prescribed displacement (essential BC)

prescribed force/derivative of displacement

(natural BC)
 Axially Loaded Bar Boundary
Conditions

Examples
fixed end
=0 F=0

simple support
=0 F=0

free end
F=0 F=0
 Potential Energy
Elastic Potential Energy (PE)
- Spring case
Unstretched spring

PE 0
Stretched bar
1 2
PE kx
2
x
- Axially loaded bar
undeformed: PE 0
L
1
deformed: PE Adx
20
- Elastic body
1 T
PE
2V
dv
 Potential Energy
Work Potential (WP)
f
P f: distributed force over a line
A B P: point force
L
WP u fdx P uB
u: displacement
0

Total Potential Energy

L L
1
Adx u fdx P uB
20 0
 Potential Energy
Principle of Stationary Potential Energy
For conservative systems, of all the kinematically admissible displacement fields,
those corresponding to equilibrium extremize the total potential energy. If the
extremum condition is a minimum, the equilibrium state is stable.

Conservative system: WP is independent of the path taken from the original state to
the deformed state.

Kinematically admissible displacement field: displacement field satisfy the geometric

(kinematic) boundary conditions.

Original state
deformed state equilibrium state
 Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz
Approach
Example: f
P Find the displacement field u x
A x Assume f is a constant
B

Step 1: assume an admissible displacement field u x a1 a2 x

In general: u aii x i 1 to n is shape function / basis function
i n-1 is the order of approximation
So for u x a1 a2 x 1 1 2 x
The admissible displacement field must satisfy the essential boundary condition u 0 at x 0
So a1 0 and u x a2 x
Step 2: calculate total potential energy
Firstly write down the elastic potential energy
du
u x a2 x a2 E Ea2
dx
L L
1 1 1 2
2 0 2 0
Elastic potential: Adx Ea a
2 2 Adx Ea2 AL
2
 Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz
Approach
Example: f
P
A B

Then write down the work energy

L L
WP u fdx P uB a2 x fdx P a2 L
0 0

1
a2 fL2 Pa2 L
2
1 1
Ea2 2 AL a2 fL2 Pa2 L
2 2
Step 3:select ai so that the total potential energy is at its
minimum or maximum.
d 1
0 Ea2 AL fL2 PL 0
da 2
1 1
P fL P fL
a2 2 u 2 x
EA EA
 Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz
Approach
Example 2.5:
f
P 1 2

Element 1:
P1 = 0 + 1 0
2
Essential boundary condition 0 = 0 = 1

Element 2: P1 P = 2 + 3
2

Continuity requirement 1 = 2 + 3 = 1 3 + 3
2 2 2

1 1 2 2 2 2 1
= 0 1
2 = 1
2 0 2 4 8 1 2 1
2
2 1

= + 1
2 2
2 2
2 32 1
= 3 2 1 3 3 + 1 + 3
4 4 8 2 2 1
 Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz
Approach
Example 2.5:
f
P 1 2

Approach I:
1 2 2 2 32 2
= + = 1 + 3 1 3 1 + 3
4 8 8 2
3
32 + 4
= 0 2 1 =0 1 =
1 8 2

2 + 4
= 0 3 =0 3 =
3 2 8 2
3
+ 4
= 0
2

2+ 4
= +
4 2
 Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz
Approach
Example 2.5:
f
P 1 2

Approach II:
1 2 1
= 0 1 =0 1 = +
1 2 8 2 2
3
2 2 1 + 4
=0 + =0 1 =
1 4 2 2

2 2 +
= 0 3 =0 3 = 4
3 2 8 2
3
+ 4
= 0
2

2 + 4
= +
4 2
 Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz
Approach
Example: f
P
A B

One section Two sections

 Galerkins Method
Example: f
P
A B
d du Seek an approximation u~ so
EA( x ) f ( x) 0
dx dx
ux 0 0

[(x) ] +

= 0

du = 0 = 0
EA( x ) P
dx x L
=
=

Let u aii x i 1 to n find ai

i

In the Galerkins method, the weight function w is chosen as = ,

=1
where are arbitrary except for requiring that w satisfies zero
boundary condition at which u is specified.
 Galerkins Method
Example: f
P Find the displacement field
A B

du~ dwi du~

L L L
d du~ EA( x ) dx wi fdx wi EA( x ) 0
V i dx
w EA( x )
dx
f ( x ) dV 0
0
dx dx 0
dx 0

1 2 3
= 1,2, ,

Let u a1 x, 0 x L x and w1 x
L L
du
EAa1 1dx xfdx w L P w 0 EA 0
0 0
dx 0
fL fL
P P
a1 2 u 2 x
EA EA
1 Strain energy

2 Work done by f

3 Work done by P
 FEM Formulation of Axially
Loaded Bar Governing Equations
Differential Equation
d du
EA( x) f ( x) 0 0 x L
dx dx

Weighted-Integral Formulation
L d du
0
w EA( x) f ( x) dx 0
dx dx

Weak Form
L
dw du du
L
0 EA( x) wf ( x) dx w EA( x) Starting point of FEA
0
dx dx dx 0