Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LTE Course
LTE Course
Presented By:
Eng.karim Banawan.
Eng.Yasser Youssry.
Mobile Communication
part (4) : 4G mobiles
rate
Solution
Multiplexing
NEED FOR MULTI-
CARRIER cont.
NEED FOR MULTI-
CARRIER cont.
Problem
Solution
Orthogonality
NEED FOR MULTI-CARRIER
cont.
NEED FOR MULTI-CARRIER
cont.
OFDM ENTERS INTO THE
PICTURE
Interference Orthogonality
B.W efficiency Min Separation
OFDM ENTERS INTO THE
PICTURE cont.
Min Separation
Problem
◦ Difficult Implementation with
traditional oscillators
Solution
◦ DFT
But
◦ DFT needs high processing
Solution
◦ Easy implementation using FFT/IFFT
◦
FFT / IFFT
FFT/IFFT
GUARD TIME
INSERTION
Channel
Filtering
GUARD TIME INSERTION
cont.
Problem
….
ISI occurs
GUARD TIME INSERTION
cont.
Solution Cyclic
Prefix
….
No ISI
àCircular Convolution achieved .
Cyclic prefix
The CP allows the receiver to absorb much
more efficiently the delay spread due to the
multipath and to maintain frequency
Orthogonality.
The CP that occupies a duration called the
Guard Time (GT), often denoted TG, is a
temporal redundancy that must be taken
into account in data rate computations.
OFDM DRAWBACKS
cont.
Peak to Average Power Ratio
(PAPR)
OFDM DRAWBACKS
cont.
Sensitivity to frequency offset
CHANNEL ESTIMATION
Pilot Based Channel Estimation
E stim a te d
R e ce ive d C hannel
S ig n a l a fte r R e sp o n se
FFT
K n o w n Pilo ts
CHANNEL ESTIMATION
cont.
Pilot Arrangement Types
Block Pilot Patterns Comb Pilot Patterns
Frequency( sub
carriers)
carriers)
Frequency( sub
Pilot
symbols
Data symbols
IEEE802.16d IEEE802.16e
Fixed WiMAX,256-OFDM Mobile WiMAX
DIVERSITY AND MIMO
PRINCIPLES
What is diversity?
Is a technique that combats the
fading by ensuring that there
will be many copies of the
transmitted signal effected with
different fading over time,
frequency or space.
1- Time diversity:
interleaving.
2-Or sending the data at
different times.
to explain this we will see an
example:
1-time diversity:
|H ( t ) |
t
No interleaving x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4 z1 z2 z3 z4 h1
h2 h3 h4
interleaving x1 y1 z1 h1 x2 y2 z2h2 x3 y3 z3h3 x4 y4
z4 h4
So we can see that only the 3rd symbol from each codeword lost
and we can recover them from the rest symbols in each
2- frequency diversity:
This type of diversity used for the
frequency selective channels as
we will averaging the fading over
the frequency by using:
1-Multi-carrier technique like OFDM.
spectrum).
3-DSSS (direct sequence spread
spectrum).
2- frequency diversity:
different fading.
3-number of different paths =Mr.
Diversity order=Mr
MIMO:
BER .
Notes:
Diversity order
R a n d o m S N R fro m th e
co m b in e r
Diversity combining
technique
selection combining
technique
1-the combiner
outputs the
signal on the
branch with the
highest SNR
.
2-no need here 0 0 1 0
for the co-
phasing.
Threshold combining
technique
As in SC since only one branch output is
used at a time and outputting the first
signal with SNR above a given threshold
so that co-phasing is not required.
NR so that its performance less than the SC technique .
combining
(MRC) the
output is a h1* h2* h3* h i*
weighted sum
of all branches
due to its SNR
Equal gain combining
technique
A simpler technique is equal-gain
combining, which co-phases the
signals on each branch and then
combines them with equal weighting
MIMO
Traditional diversity is based on multiple
receiver antennas
Multiple-In Multiple-Out (MIMO) is based on
both transmit and receive diversity
Also known as Space Time Coding (STC)
With Mt transmission antennas and Mr
receiver antennas we have Mt Mr branches
Txand Rx processing is performed over
space (antennas) and time (successive
symbols)
47
MIMO or STC
In Mobile communication systems it may be
difficult to put many antennas in the mobile
unit
Diversity in the downlink (from base station
to mobile station) can be achieved by
Multiple-In Single-Out (MISO) (i.e., Mr=1)
In the uplink (from mobile station to base
station) diversity is achieved my
conventional diversity (SIMO)
Hence, all diversity cost is moved to the base
station
All 3G and 4G mobile communication system
employ MIMO in their standard
48
Type of MIMO
Two major types of space time
coding
◦ Space time block coding (STBC)
◦ Space time trellis coding (STTC)
STBC is simpler by STTC can
provide better performance
STBC is used in mobile
communications. STTC is not
used in any systems yet
We will talk only about STBC
49
Space Time Block Codes
There are few major types
◦ Transmit diversity: main goal is
diversity gain
◦ Spatial multiplexing: main goal is
increase data rate
◦ Eigen steering: main goal is both.
Requires knowledge of the channel at
the transmitter side
◦ Mix of the above: Lots of research
Transmit diversity, spatial
multiplexing and simplified version
of Eigen steering are used in 3G
50
Transmit Diversity
Take Mt=2 and Mr=1
Two symbols so and s1 are transmitted
over two transmission periods
No change in data rate (denoted as
rate 1 STBC)
Channel is known at receiver only
51
Transmit Diversity
A nt Ant
Transmission matrix:6 4 o7 481
s o s1 ← Timeo
S = * *
−
1s s o ← Time1
53
Performance
MRRC=Maximal Ratio Receiver Combining
Note 3 dB difference in favor of Rx MRC
diversity
Reference: S. Alamouti, a simple transmit
No
diversity
Order
2
Orde
r 4
54
Spatial Multiplexing
ro = s o g o + s1 g 1
r1 = s o g 2 + s1 g 3
◦
◦ Complexity increases with high order modulation
56
Performance
Equal rate
comparison
Reference: David
Gesbert,
Mansoor Shafi, Z e ro
Da-shan Shiu, fo rcin g
Peter J. Smith,
and Ayman ML
Naguib, From
theory to
practice: an A la m o u t
overview of i
MIMO space–
time coded
wireless
systems, IEEE
JSAC, April
2003
57
Eigenvalue Steering
Assume a MIMO system
58
Eigenvalue Steering
Example with Mt = 2 and Mr=4
y 1 h11 h12 n1 [ y ] = H [ x ] +[ n]
y h h 22
2 = 21 x 1 n 2
y 3 h31 h32 x + n
2 3
y 4 1h441 2 h 42
43 n 4
H
Any matrix H can be represented
using Singular Value
H =U Σ V H
Decomposition as
U is Mr by Mr and V is Mt by Mt
unitary matrices
is Mr by Mt diagonal matrix, 59
Eigenvalue Steering
Using transmit pre-coding and receiver
shaping
y%= U H ( H x + n )
= U H ( U ΣV H
x +n)
= U H ( U ΣV H V x%+ n )
= U H U ΣV H V x%+U H n
= Σ x%+ n%
60
Eigenvalue Steering
This way we created r paths between the Tx
and specific Rx without any cross
interference
The channel (i.e., Channel State Information)
must be known to both transmitter and
receiver
The value of r= rank of matrix H, r min(Mt,
M r)
Not all r paths have good SNR
Data rate can increase by factor r
See Appendix C for Singular Value
Decomposition
See Matlab function [U,S,V] = svd(X)
61
Example
Reference: Sanjiv Nanda, Rod Walton, John Ketchum, Mark
Wallace, and Steven Howard, A high-performance MIMO OFDM
wireless LAN, IEEE Communication Magazine, February 2005
62
INTRODUCTION TO LTE AND ITS
UNIQUE TECHNOLOGIES.
What is LTE??
The 3GPP LTE is acronym for
“long term evolution of UMTS “.
In order to ensure the
competitiveness of UMTS for the
next 10 years and beyond,
concepts for UMTS Long Term
Evolution ( LTE ) have been
introduced in 3GPP release 8. 8
LTE is also referred to as EUTRA
(Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access) or E - UTRAN (Evolved UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
What is LTE(cont.)?
The architecture that will
result from this work is called
EPS (Evolved Packet System) and
comprehends E - UTRAN (Evolved
UTRAN) on the access side and EPC
(Evolved Packet Core) on the core
side.
Can be considered the real 3 . 9G
& invited to join the 4G family.
Also considered a competitive
system to mobile WiMAX as we
will show
What is LTE (cont.)?
LTE DESIGN TARGETS
( a ) capabilities: -
Scalable BW: 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 MHz.
Peak data rate:
Downlink (2 Ch MIMO) peak rate of 100 Mbps in
20 MHz channel
Uplink (single Ch Tx) peak rate of 50 Mbps in
20 MHz channel
Supported antenna configurations:
Downlink: 4x4,4x2, 2x2, 1x2, 1x1
Uplink: 1x2, 1x1
Duplexing modes: FDD and TDD
Number of active mobile terminals:
LTE should support at least 200 mobile terminals
in the active state when operating in 5 MHz.
In wider allocations than 5 MHz, at least 400
terminals should be supported
Spectrum efficiency
D o w n lin k : 3 to 4 x H S D PA R e l. 6 5 b its/ s/ H z
U p lin k : 2 to 3 x H S U PA R e l. 6 2 . 5 b its/ s/ h z
Latency
C - p la n e : < 5 0 – 1 0 0 m se c to e sta b lish U -
p la n e
U -p la n e : < 1 0 m se c fro m U E to se rve r
Mobility
O p tim ize d fo r lo w sp e e d s (< 1 5 km / h r)
H ig h p e rfo rm a n ce a t sp e e d s u p to 1 2 0
km / h r
M a in ta in lin k a t sp e e d s u p to 3 5 0 km / h r
Coverage
Fu ll p e rfo rm a n ce u p to 5 km
INTRODUCTION TO
LTE KEY
TECHNOLOGIES
(1)OFDM and OFDMA:-
One of the key technologies used in LTE and
WiMAX systems.
The problem ???
Due to the multipath the signal is received from many
paths with different phases that will result in
DELAY SPREAD :symbol
: received along a delayed
path to “bleed” into a subsequent symbol (ISI)
IEEE802.16d IEEE802.16e
Fixed WiMAX,256-OFDM Mobile WiMAX
( 2 ) Multi antenna
transmission
LTEand WiMAX targets extreme
performance in terms of
◦ Capacity
◦ Coverage
◦ Peak data rates
Advanced multi-antenna
solutions is the key tool to achieve
this
Multi antenna systems are integral
part of those systems
Different antenna solutions needed
for different scenarios/targets
◦ High peak data rates spatial
multiplexing
◦ Good coverage Beam-forming
(3 ) Hybrid ARQ with soft
combining
used
in LTE and WiMAX to allow the terminal to rapidly
request retransmissions of erroneously received
transport blocks.
The underlying protocol multiple parallel stop-and-wait
hybrid ARQ processes
Incremental redundancy is used as the soft combining
strategy and the receiver buffers the soft bits to be
able to do soft combining between transmission
attempts.
( 1 ) Spectrum flexibility
:
The practical transmitter is likely to take advantage of
FFT/IFFT blocks as well to place the transmission in the
correct position of the transmit spectrum in case of
variable transmission bandwidth.
SC-FDMA receiver
Mapping is
applied to
consecutive
carriers
localized
DFT implementation
The DFT size should preferably be
constrained to a power of two.
However, such a constraint is in direct
conflict with a desire to have a high
degree of flexibility of the
bandwidth that can be dynamically
assigned to a mobile terminal for
uplink transmission all possible DFT
sizes should rather be allowed.
For LTE,
LTE a middle way has been adopted
where the DFT size is limited to
products of the integers two ,
three , and five .
For example, DFT sizes of 60, 72, and 96
are allowed but a DFT size of 84 is not
allowed.
Uplink physical resource
parameters
Chosen to be aligned,
aligned as much as
possible, with the corresponding
parameters of the OFDM-based
LTE downlink
◦ spacing equals 15 kHz
◦ resource blocks, consisting of 12
subcarriers
◦ Any number of uplink resource blocks
ranging from a minimum of 6-110
resource blocks.
◦ time-domain structure, the LTE uplink
is very similar to the downlink
However,in contrast to the
downlink, no unused DC -
Uplink reference signals
Demodulation reference signals
( DRS )
◦ reference signals for channel
estimation are also needed for the
LTE uplink to enable coherent
demodulation of different uplink
physical channels
Sounding reference signals ( SRS )
◦ are transmitted on the uplink to
allow for the network to estimate
the uplink channel quality at
different frequencies .
Basic principles of uplink DRS
transmission
Due to the importance of low
power variations for uplink
transmissions
The principles for uplink
reference - signal transmission
are different from those of the
downlink
certain DFTS-OFDM symbols are
exclusively used for reference-
signal transmission,
a reference signal is transmitted
within the fourth symbol of
Uplink sequences
Limited power variations in the
frequency domain to allow for
similar channel-estimation
quality for all frequencies.
Limited power variations in the
time domain to allow for high
power - amplifier efficiency.
Furthermore, sufficiently many
reference - signal sequences of
the same length, should be
available to easily assigning
reference-signal sequences to
cells
Zadoff–Chu sequences
have the property of constant
power in both the frequency and
the time domain.
LTE System Architecture cont.
Functions of eNodeB:
Radio Resources management.
Admission control.
Enforcement of negotiated UL
QoS.
Cell information broadcast.
Ciphering/deciphering of user and
control plane data
Compression/decompression of
DL/UL user plane packet
LTE System Architecture cont.
Serving Gateway (SGW)
-Routes and forwards user Data Packets.
-Mobility anchor for eNB handovers and LTE to
other 3GPP systems.
(relaying the traffic between 2G/3G systems and
PDN GW).
OVERVIEW OF LTE
ADVANCED
Fundamental requirements
for LTE-Advanced
complete fulfillment of all the
requirements for IMT - Advanced
defined by ITU
LTE-Advanced has to fulfill a set
of basic backward
compatibility requirements
◦ Spectrum coexistence, implying
that it should be possible to
deploy LTE-Advanced in spectrum
already occupied by LTE with no
impact on existing LTE terminals
◦ infrastructure , in practice
implying that it should be
Extended requirements
beyond ITU requirements
Support for peak - data up to 1 Gbps
in the downlink and 500 Mbps in the
uplink.
Substantial improvements in system
performance such as cell and user
throughput with target values
significantly exceeding those of
IMT-Advanced.
Possibility for low - cost
infrastructure deployment and
terminals.
High power efficiency,
efficiency that is, low
power consumption for both
Technical components of
LTE-Advanced
Wider bandwidth and carrier
aggregation
Extended multi-antenna solutions
Advanced repeaters and relaying
functionality
Coordinated multi-point
transmission
Wider bandwidth and
carrier aggregation
LTE-Advanced will be an increase of the
maximum transmission bandwidth beyond 20
MHz, perhaps up to as high as 100 MHz or
even beyond
In case of carrier aggregation,
aggregation the
extension to wider bandwidth is accomplished
by the aggregation of basic component
carriers of a more narrow bandwidth
Extended multi-antenna
solutions
support for spatial
multiplexing on the uplink is
anticipated to be part of LTE-
Advanced
extension of downlink spatial
multiplexing to more four
layers
benefits of eight-layer spatial
multiplexing are only present in
special scenarios where high
SINR can be achieved
Coordinated multi-point
transmission
Coordinating the transmission from the multiple
antennas can be used to increase the signal -
to - noise ratio for users far from the antenna
for example by transmitting the same signal from
multiple sites.
sites
Such strategies can also improve the power -
amplifier utilization in the network,
especially in a lightly loaded network where
otherwise some power amplifiers would be idle
Advanced repeaters and
relaying functionality
Repeaters simply amplify and forward the
received analog signals and are used already
today for handling coverage holes.
“ L1 relays ” schemes where the network can control
the transmission power of the repeater and, for
example, activate the repeater only when users
are present in the area handled by the repeater
intermediate node may also decode and re-encode
any received data prior to forwarding it to the
served users. This is often referred to as
decode - and - forward relaying
The proposals could roughly be
categorized into :
Various concepts for Relay Nodes
UE Dual TX antenna solutions for SU-MIMO and
diversity MIMO
Scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz,
Potentially up to 100MHz
Local area optimization of air interface
Nomadic / Local Area network and mobility solutions
Flexible Spectrum Usage
Cognitive Radio
Automatic and autonomous network configuration and
operation
Enhanced precoding and forward error correction
Interference management and suppression
Asymmetric bandwidth assignment for FDD
Hybrid OFDMA and SC-FDMA in uplink
UL/DL inter eNodeB coordinated MIMO
Timeframe
Standardization is expected to be
included in 3GPP Release 10
timeframe.
The importance and timeframe of
LTE Advanced will of course
largely depend on the success
of LTE itself .
If possible LTE-Advanced will be a
software upgrade for LTE
networks.
Technology
Demonstrations
In February 2007 NTT DoCoMo
announced the completion of a 4G
trial
where they achieved a maximum
packet transmission rate of
approximately 5 Gbit / s in the
downlink using 100MHz frequency
bandwidth to a mobile station
moving at 10 km / h