Presentation of DR A Gunasekar WHO Country Office For India

Presentation of Dr A Gunasekar
WHO Country Office for India 1

____% of Philippiness population is using improved drinking
water sources. (Urban ___%; Rural ___%); however water
delivered at the taps may not always be safe to drink
Source: ______________
Diarrhoea is the _____ leading cause of death among

children; About ______children die in Philippines due to
diarrhoea every year, that is one child dies due to diarrhoea
every ______ seconds
Source: Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done, DoH
____% of diarrhoeas can be prevented by safe water,

sanitation and good hygiene
2
The most effective means of consistently ensuring the
safety of a drinking-water supply is through the use of a
comprehensive risk assessment and risk management
approach that encompasses all steps in water supply
from catchment to consumer.
The approach is called Water Safety Plan (WSP)
3
Water
resources & Treatment Distribution Consumer
sources system system
A documented plan that:

Identifies hazards, assesses risks from catchment
to consumer
Prioritizes risks with focus on highest risks
Mitigates risks through control measures
Moving away from reliance on output monitoring - i.e.
measuring parameters in final water
Move into input monitoring - i.e. measuring parameters
which show that the system is working
4
Hazard is a biological, chemical, physical or radiological agent
that has the potential to cause harm
Hazardous event is an incident or situation that can lead to the

risk - what can happen and how? (e.g. heavy rainfall)
Hazard identification - Desk studies & Site visits
Risk is the likelihood of hazards causing harm in exposed

populations including
Specified time frame
Magnitude of the harm deaths, disease, financial cost
Hazard (contaminant)
Salmonella
Hazardous event (cause)
Pigeons nesting on a water tank roof
Tank roof was not sealed and pigeon
faeces were washed into the tank
Salmonella bacteria got concentrated
in the sediment & the surface
During a flushing event, the bacteria
got rapidly drained into the distribution
system and chlorine residual was not
Gideon, Missouri, 1993 enough
Effect
~ 500 ill from a town of 1,104
7 Dead
6
Hazard (contaminant)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1993
Cryptosporidium cysts
Runoff from heavy spring rains
Carrying sewage into Lake Michigan
(from which raw water was drawn)
Coagulation problems on the filtration
system in the water treatment plant
Effect
400,000 became ill from 1.2 million
100 dead
Source: Presentation of Mr Asoka Jayaratne, Water Quality Specialist

7
Yarra Valley Water,Melbourne, Australia
Walkerton, Ontario, 2000 Hazard (contaminants)
E. coli O157:H7
Campylobacter jejuni

Heavy rains
Cow manure washed into a well
Failure to chlorinate
Water supplied by local water utility
Effect
2,300 ill
7 Dead
8
Recontamination in the
distribution lines and at the
household level
9
1. A system assessment to determine whether
drinking-water supply chain as a whole can deliver
water of a quality that meets requirements.
Identifying control measures in the system that will
control identified risks and ensure that the health-based
requirements are met.
For each identified control measure, an appropriate
means of operational monitoring should be defined that
will ensure that any deviation from required
performance is rapidly detected.
Management and communication plans describe actions to be taken
during normal operation or incident conditions and documenting the
system assessment, including upgrade and improvement planning,
monitoring and communication plans.
1. Assemble the WSP team
2. Describe the water supply system
3. Identify hazards and hazardous events and assess the risks
4. Determine and validate control measures, reassess and prioritize the risks
5. Develop, implement and maintain an improvement/upgrade plan
6. Define monitoring of the control measures
7. Verify the effectiveness of the WSP
8. Prepare management procedures
9. Develop supporting programmes
10. Plan and carry out periodic review of the WSP
11. Revise the WSP following an incident
1. What
are the
risks?
Continuous
3. How do we Cycle 2. How do we
know the risks control the
are under control? risks?
14
Source of water
Changes due to weather
Details of land use in the catchment
Water storage
Water treatment (processes and chemicals)
Storage, distribution network
Availability of trained staff
Quality of documentation
Likelihood Score
Almost certain (once a day) - 5
Likely (once a week) - 4
Moderate (once a month) - 3
Unlikely (once a year) - 2
Rare (once every 5 years) - 1
Severity Score
Insignificant / No impact - 1
Minor compliance impact - 2
Moderate aesthetic impact - 3
Major regulatory impact - 4
Catastrophic Public Health impact - 5
Likelihood score x Severity score = Risk score
Treatment works
pH - Daily
Chlorine dosing records - Weekly
Residual Chlorine - Daily
Turbidity - Daily
Distribution system
pH - Weekly
Chlorine levels - Weekly
Turbidity - Weekly
Sanitary inspection - Weekly
Increasing risks of water quality microbiological as well as
chemicals from industrial and agricultural activities (pesticides and
fertilizers)
Increased awareness among consumers on the need to have safe

water
Outbreaks (in many countries) - due to (re)contamination of water,

after treatment
18
WHO is conducted and still conducting WSP among
WDs nationwide.
WHO had completed WSP attended by RHubs of R5, R8
and R9
19
Water source protection and preservation
Small problems are identified early and fixed,
preventing bigger problems
In water systems where WSP is carried on a
continuous basis (24/7), water is found to be
safer to drink with microbiological test results,
before and after WSP, showing dramatic
improvement
20
Standard operating procedures improved
Clear roles and responsibilities
Regular monitoring of water quality in treatment
plants
Promotes conversion to 24/7 supply
Reduction in non-revenue water
21
Water safety plan ensures water safety (improves health)
and sustainability of drinking water supplies
22
SALAMAT PO
Presented by: ENGR. CLODUALDO andy DE OCAMPO
23

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Presentation of Dr A Gunasekar

WHO Country Office for India 1

Diarrhoea is the _____ leading cause of death among

____% of diarrhoeas can be prevented by safe water,

The approach is called Water Safety Plan (WSP)

A documented plan that:

Hazardous event is an incident or situation that can lead to the

Hazard identification - Desk studies & Site visits

Risk is the likelihood of hazards causing harm in exposed

Source: Presentation of Mr Asoka Jayaratne, Water Quality Specialist

Hazardous event (cause)

Increased awareness among consumers on the need to have safe

Outbreaks (in many countries) - due to (re)contamination of water,

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