COMPUTER APPLICATION FOR BUSINESS

UNIVERSITY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
Azhi A. Faraj
 What is Computer?
2

Is a machine that can solve problems for people by

carrying out instructions given to it
The sequence of instructions is call Program
The language machine can understand is call
machine language
 What is in a Computer System?
3

Each system is different, but generally have similar parts:

Must have:
Processor: Executes Instructions
Memory: Stores Programs and data
I/O devices: Input, Output, Both (input and output)

Generally have:
Cache memory
System bus: Transfers data, CPU facing, I/O Bus
Memory controller
I/O bus
 Types of Computer
4

Ex: PC, Mainframe, Laptop, Personal Digital Assistant

PC Mainframe Laptop PDA

These types is classified according to the capacity,

speed, cost, efficiency, reliability and typical users.
 Computer components:
5

Computer Hardware:
it is a physical part. Some Hardware tools are
responsible for data input and output during
implementing the computer tasks.
Ex: CPU, Main Memory, Secondary Memory and I/O
devices

Computer Software:
System software is responsible for controlling,
integrating, and managing the individual hardware
components of a computer system .
 Computer System Layers
6

End User

Programmer

Application Programs Operating

System
Designer
Utilities

Operating System

Computer Hardware

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 Computer Software
7

A- Application Software: is used to accomplish specific

tasks other than just running the computer system.
Application software may consist of a single program,
Such as an image viewer; Microsoft Office; Audio Player; web
browser and so on.

B- System Software:
System software refers to the files and programs that
make up your computer's operating system.
Such as: Windows, Linux, Mac os x.
 Why study CA?!
8

Technology is always changing!

CA should adapt !
Not only influence organization but also result in the
introduction of more powerful and more complex
architectures.
Requirements are always changing!
Speed, power, cost, reliability etc.!
Understand computer performance!
 What is Architecture?!
9

Architecture!
Science and art of interconnecting building materials to
construct various buildings, subject to constraints!
Materials: brick, concrete, glass etc.!

Buildings: house, Office, Auditorium etc.!

Constraints: cost, safety, time etc.!

 What is Computer Architecture?!
10

Computer Architecture: Science and art of

interconnecting hardware components to create
computers, subject to constraints!
Hardware components: gates, circuit technology etc.!

Computers: desktop, server, mobile phone etc. !

Constraints: performance, energy, cost etc.

 Computer Architecture
11

Architecture: art or practice of designing

Whats Inside?

How is it put together?

How does it work?

 Organization and Architecture
12

It is an architectural design issue whether a computer will

have a multiply instruction.

It is an organizational issue whether that instruction will be

implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism
that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system

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 Architecture
13

Interface between hardware and software

Programmer's view in terms of instructions, addressing

modes and registers

Describes what computer does

13
 What is Machine Language?
14

Machine language(ML) is a system of instructions and data

executed directly by a computer's Central Processing Unit
The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary digits (bits)
Instructions typically use some bits to represent
Operations (addition )
Operands or
Location of the next instruction.

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 Machine Language contd..
15

Advantages
Machine can directly access (Electronic circuit)
High Speed

Disadvantages
Human cannot identify
Machine depended

(Hardware depended)

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 High-level And Low-level Language
16

High level programming languages

languages or syntax which close to human languages

so, it is easy to understand
such as java, C, or so on.

The low level programming languages

close to machine languages

such as Assembly language
 Complex systems
17

The hierarchical nature of complex systems is essential to

both their design and their description.

The designer need only deal with a particular level of the

system at a time.

At each level, the system consists of a set of components and

their interrelationships.

At each level, the designer is concerned with structure and

function
 Structure & Function
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Structure
It is the way in which components relate to each other

Function
It is the operation of individual components as part of the
structure
 Function
19

Basic computer functions:

Data processing:
The computer, of course, must be able to process data
Data storage:
t is also essential that a computer store data.
Data movement
The computer must be able to move data between itself and the
outside world.
Control
a control unit manages the computers resources and orchestrates the
performance of its functional parts in response to instructions
 Functional view
20

A Functional view of a computer

- Source and destination of data
- I/O Data
- Data Communication Storage
Facility

Data Control
Movement Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility
 Operations (1)
21

Data movement
Transferring data from one peripheral or communications
line to another
e.g. keyboard to screen
Data
Storage
Facility

Data Control
Movement Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility
 Operations (2)
22

Storage
Data transferred from the external environment to
computer storage (read) and vice versa (write).
e.g. Internet download to disk
Data
Storage
Facility

Data Control
Movement Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility
 Operation (3)
23

Processing from/to storage

e.g. updating bank statement
Data
Storage
Facility

Data Control
Movement Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility
 Operation (4)
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Processing from storage to I/O

e.g. printing a word document
Data
Storage
Facility

Data Control
Movement Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility