Software Requirement Concepts

Instructor: <Name>

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 Agenda

Requirement Concepts
Requirement Modeling

Modeling Tools

FPT SOFTWARE TRAINING MATERIAL Internal use 04e-BM/NS/HDCV/FSOFT v2/3

 Requirement Concepts
Requirement Definition

What is requirement?

A statement of a service the system

must do OR
A statement of a constraint the system
must satisfy

FPT SOFTWARE TRAINING MATERIAL Internal use 04e-BM/NS/HDCV/FSOFT v2/3

 Requirement Concepts
Requirement Definition

Why do we need requirements?

FPT SOFTWARE TRAINING MATERIAL Internal use 04e-BM/NS/HDCV/FSOFT v2/3

 Requirement Concepts
Requirement Definition

Purpose of requirement:
Requirements often serve as:
The basis for a bid for a contract - therefore must be
high-level to open for interpretation
The basis for the contract itself - therefore must be
detailed
Thus, requirements can be high-level or detailed
What are not Requirements
Design or implementation details (other than known
constraints)
Project planning information
Testing information
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 Requirement Concepts
Requirements Classification 1/4

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 Requirement Concepts
Requirements Classification 2/4

Requirement may be classified as

Functional
A service the system has to perform
May include information the system must contain
Non-functional
A constraints the system must satisfy

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 Requirement Concepts
Requirements Classification 3/4

Sample of functional requirement

The Data Entry Module should provide the
following functionality:
Data Entry for HR: allows HR staff to enter payroll
data and the like, either via web-based forms or
by importing data from Excel files
Data Entry for Regional offices: allows the PGBs
regional offices to enter billing data, either via
web-based forms or by importing data from Excel
files

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 Requirement Concepts
Requirements Classification 4/4
Sample of non-functional requirement
Product requirements
Requirements which specify that the delivered product must
behave in a particular way
Categories: performance, reliability, usability, security,
cultural, etc.
Organisational requirements
Requirements which are a consequence of organisational
policies and procedures
Categories : technology, process , operation, time, budget, etc.
External requirements
Requirements which arise from factors which are external to
the system and its development process
Categories : interoperability requirements, legislative
requirements, etc.
FPT SOFTWARE TRAINING MATERIAL Internal use 04e-BM/NS/HDCV/FSOFT v2/3
 Requirement Modeling
Modeling objectives

Why model requirement?

To understand clearly
the functionalities of
system

To present the system

from different
perspectives

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 Requirement Modeling
Model different perspectives

Model different perspectives

Models help present different aspects of the

system, using different abstraction

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 Requirement Modeling
System Modeling Tools
The system modeling presents an abstraction of the
system in software aspects, which helps understanding
of the functional requirements in block diagram form, and
helps to identify all required software elements & tasks.
Common modeling tools:
Data flow Use case
diagram

Behavioural Sequence
diagram
Object modelAggregation
model
Activity State machine
diagram diagram Inheritance

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 Modeling Tools - Use Case

Requirements capture
Requirements are reason-for-existence of any
software development project
Defines and delineates user-requirements
Defines the functionality to be provided
Identifies the goals to be achieved
Must be precisely and completely understood

Requirements often changes, thus must be well-

documented

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 Modeling Tools - Use Case

Requirement capture with UML

Use Case diagram
Shows a set of use cases, actors and their relationships
Captures problem-domain in terms of:
functionality to be provided (Use Cases)
the roles (Actors) for whom these functions are
performed

FPT SOFTWARE TRAINING MATERIAL Internal use 04e-BM/NS/HDCV/FSOFT v2/3

 Modeling Tools - Use Case
Use Case Diagram

Actor overview the usage requirements

presentations project stakeholders
"the meat" of the actual requirements

System
Use case:
Actor: boundary:

indicates
A
Anuse case
actor the
is adescribes
scope oforganization,
person, ayour
sequence of or
actions
system.
externalthat
Anything
provide
system within
that something
playsthe
a box
roleofin
Use case
measurable
represents
one or morefunctionality
value to an that
interactions actor
withisyour
and
in is
drawn
scope
systemand
as aanything
horizontaloutside
ellipsethe box
is not
Online C2C shopping

System boundary

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 Modeling Tools - Use Case
Use Case Diagram - Notations

Use case diagram: Notations

use case
A description of a set of sequences of actions that Do it
system performs that provides an observable value to
an actor

actor
The people or systems that provide or receive information from the
system; they are among the stakeholders of a system

include
Specifies that the source use case explicitly incorporates the <<include>>
behavior of another use case at a location specified by the
source

extend
Specifies that the target use case extends the behavior of the <<extend>>
source.

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 Modeling Tools - Use Case
Example - Use Case 1/2
A company wants to develop a ticketing and reservation
Use case example
system. This must support advance booking of tickets,
A company
cancellation wants toand
of tickets develop a ticketing
change and reservation
of class system.
of a ticket. All
This must support advance booking of tickets, cancellation of
these are handled
tickets by aofReservation
and change class of a ticket.Clerk.
All these are handled by a
Reservation Clerk.
The system will also have a Web site where users can
registerThe system will also
themselves andhave a Web sitetickets
purchase where users can register
online. They
themselves and purchase tickets online. They can pay either by
can payusing
either
theirby using
online theiraccount
banking onlineorbanking account
by credit card. or
Reservations
by credit card.
made overReservations
the internet can made over theacross
only be cancelled internet can
the counter.
only beThe
cancelled
system willacross the
also have counter.
a querying facility that allows users to
check train time-tables, fares and availability of tickets.
The system will also have a querying facility that allows
users to check train time-tables, fares and availability of
tickets.
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 Modeling Tools - Use Case
Example - Use Case 2/2

Make Cancel
Modify Class
Reservation Reservation

Check train Query

Check Fare
time-table Timetable

Register
as Member

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 Modeling Tools - Use Case
Example - Use Case Diagram

Use case diagram

Modify Class

Check Fare

Query
Reservation Timetable Passenger
Clerk

Make
Reservation

Cancel Check train Register

Reservation time-table as Member

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 Modeling Tools - DFD
DFD = Data Flow Diagram

How data is
processed
by system How data
flows through
a sequence of
processing
steps
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 Modeling Tools DFD
Sample DFD

process

Checked and
Completed Signed Signed Send to signed order
order order form order form supplier +order
Order detail notification
Complete Validate Record
+ blank
order form order order
order form
Signed Adjust
order form available
budget
Order Order amount
data detail +account
detail

flow Orders Budget

file file

Data stores
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 Modeling Tools - Activities Diagram
Activity diagrams describe the
Start
workflow behaviour of a system
Fork including a sequence of activities
performed from start to finish

Activities could be performed:

Branch - sequential order
- parallel
- conditional transition

Merge
Joint

End

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 Modeling Tools - State Machine
A State Machine diagram
shows the possible states of
the object and the transitions
that cause a change in state.

What is different
?
between activities
and Statemachine
diagram

23
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 Q&A

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