Programming The

Encore using ANSI C

1
Outline
1. Project structure: Source files, include files
2. C data types and derived types
3. Looping (while, for, do-while)
4. Viewing variables in the debugger
5. Conditional flow (if-then and switch)
6. Shorthand
7. Functions and parameter-passing
8. Debugging functions
9. Multi-file projects

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Project structure
 Project
 uC selection
 Editor settings
 Debugger settings
 Source files
 External dependencies
 Include files
 Object code libraries

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Source files
 Typically main.c
contains the main()
function, where execution
starts
 Split program up into
several functions
 Often one function for each
source file

4
External dependencies
 Declared by #include <filename>
 Include files that declare std C functions, e.g.
 stdio.h (standard I/O, e.g. printf, scanf)
 math.h (e.g. sin, exp, rand)

 Include files for uC-specific info

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C Data Types
 Character (8-bits)
char c1, c2;
c1 = ‘a’; c2 = ‘\n’;
 Integer (16-bits)1
int i;
i = -20; // a decimal number
 Floating point (32-bits)
float f1, f2;
f1 = 2.3; f2 = 1.5e3;
1
by default, short is the same as int
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C Data Types …
 Byte (8-bits)
unsigned char a,b;
a = 0xaf; b = 128;
 Word (16-bits)
unsigned int i;
i = 0xffff; // hexadecimal FFFFh
 Long (32-bits)
long i;
i = -100000;

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C Derived Types
 Array
int tbl[5];
tbl[0] = 3; tbl[4] = -1;
 String
char * name = “Encore”;
name[0] = ‘I’;
(name will now contain “Incore”)

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Conditional if
if (i==1)
ch = ‘y’;
else
ch = ‘n’;
if (i>0) f = f+1;
if (i>=j) {
temp = i; i = j; j = temp;
}

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Conditional switch
switch (val) {
case 1:
ch = ‘q’; break;
case 2:
ch = ‘z’; break;
default:
ch = ‘x’; break;
}

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while Loops
int tbl[5]={3,2,-1,4,6}, sum, i;

sum = 0;
i = 0;
while (i<5) {
sum = sum + tbl[i];
i = i + 1;
}

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for and do-while loops
 for loops
sum = 0;
for (i=0; i<5; i=i+1)
sum = sum + tbl[i];
 do-while loops
sum = 0; i = 0;
do {
sum = sum + tbl[i];
i = i + 1;
} while (i < 5);

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Other operations
 Math
 +, -, *, /, % (remainder)
 Logical
! (not), && (and), || (or)
 Comparison
 <, <=, >, >=, == (equal), != (not equal)
 Bitwise
 ~ (not), & (and), | (or), ^ (xor),
>> (right shift), << (left shift)

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Logical and bitwise ops
int a=0xf0, b=0x21, c, d, e;

c will be 20h
c = a & b;
d = a && b;
d will be 01h
e = b << 2;

e will be 84h

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Shorthand
 Increment/Decrement
int i,j,k;
i = 3; j will be 3; i will be 4
j = i++;
k = ++i; k will be 5; i will be 5
 Accumulator operations
Equivalent to i=i+4; i will be 9
i += 4;
PAOUT |= 0x0f; Sets lower nibble of PAOUT high
PAOUT &= 0xfb;
Sets bit 2 (3rd bit) of PAOUT low
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Functions
delay() {
…
}

main() {
…
while (1) {
…
delay();
…
}
}

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Passing arguments
delay(int imax) {
int i,j;
for (i=0; i<imax; i++) {
for (j=0; j<0xff; j++) { }
}
}

main() {
…
delay(0x80);
…
}

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Returning arguments
float getfreq(int ch) {
…
return clkfreq/count;
}

main() {
…
float freq;
freq = getfreq(1);
…
}

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Why use functions?
 Re-use code
 Keep size of each function small,
especially main()
 Rule of thumb: < 100 lines
 Can repeat variable names for local use
 If placed in separate files, functions can be
compiled separately
 Speeds up overall compilation
 Faster debugging cycle
 Necessary for vectored interrupts

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Debugging functions
Step into (F11)

Step into:
Enter and
debug the
subroutine

Step over:
Execute the
Step over (F10)
subroutine

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Breakpoints
Right-click on the line of interest,
Select “Insert Breakpoint”
Breakpoint is set

Execution will stop at the

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Placing functions
in separate files
 The “clean” way (easier to debug)
 Put functions in a separate “.c” file in your project folder
 Put function prototypes in a separate “.h” file
 Function header w/o the body
 E.g. void delay(int imax);
 Add the “.c” file to your project files list
 Put #include statements
 In source code files that use your function
 In the file where your function is completely written

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Placing functions
in separate files …

•#include <xx> looks for xx in a special ZDS directory