This document provides an overview of computer systems and their architecture. It discusses the typical components of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input/output devices, and software. It describes the input-process-output model of computation and defines key concepts like protocols, standards, and the von Neumann architecture. The document also briefly outlines the early history of computers from Pascal's calculating machine to the development of the modern digital computer starting in the 1930s and 1940s.
This document provides an overview of computer systems and their architecture. It discusses the typical components of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input/output devices, and software. It describes the input-process-output model of computation and defines key concepts like protocols, standards, and the von Neumann architecture. The document also briefly outlines the early history of computers from Pascal's calculating machine to the development of the modern digital computer starting in the 1930s and 1940s.
This document provides an overview of computer systems and their architecture. It discusses the typical components of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input/output devices, and software. It describes the input-process-output model of computation and defines key concepts like protocols, standards, and the von Neumann architecture. The document also briefly outlines the early history of computers from Pascal's calculating machine to the development of the modern digital computer starting in the 1930s and 1940s.
This document provides an overview of computer systems and their architecture. It discusses the typical components of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input/output devices, and software. It describes the input-process-output model of computation and defines key concepts like protocols, standards, and the von Neumann architecture. The document also briefly outlines the early history of computers from Pascal's calculating machine to the development of the modern digital computer starting in the 1930s and 1940s.
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CHAPTER 1:
Computer Systems The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software: 1.3 An Example System
Is the computer fast enough to run necessary programs?
Is the computer cost-effective? Will it be obsolete in 6 months?
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Why Study Computer Architecture? User Understand system capabilities and limitations Make informed decisions Improve communications with information technology professionals Systems Analyst Conduct surveys, determine feasibility and define and document user requirements Specify computer systems to meet application requirements Programmer Create efficient application software for specific processing needs
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Why Study Computer Architecture? System Administrator / Manager Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems Maximize system availability Optimize system performance Ensure system security Web Designer Optimize customer accessibility to Web services System administration of Web servers Select appropriate data formats Design efficient Web pages Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-4 Overview A modern computer is an electronic, digital, general purpose computing machine that automatically follows a step-by-step list of instructions to solve a problem. This step-by step list of instructions that a computer follows is also called an algorithm or a computer program. Why study computer organization and architecture? Design better programs, including system software such as compilers, operating systems, and device drivers. Optimize program behavior. Evaluate (benchmark) computer system performance. Understand time, space, and price tradeoffs. Computer organization Encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems. E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory types. How does a computer work? 5 Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)
• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards
• Processing: CPU executes the computer program • Output: monitor, printer, fax machine • Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape
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Architecture Components Hardware Processes data by executing instructions Provides input and output Software Instructions executed by the system Data Fundamental representation of facts and observations Communications Sharing data and processing among different systems Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-7 Hardware Component Input/Output devices Storage Devices CPU ALU: arithmetic/logic unit CU: control unit Interface unit Memory Short-term storage for CPU calculations
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Typical Personal Computer System
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CPU: Central Processing Unit ALU: arithmetic/logic unit Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations CU: control unit Controls processing of instructions Controls movement of data within the CPU Interface unit Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware components Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components
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Memory Also known as primary storage, working storage, and RAM (random access memory) Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte) Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored program concept)
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Software Component Applications Operating System API: application program interface File management I/O Kernel Memory management Resource scheduling Program communication Security Network Module
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Communications Component Hardware Communication channels Physical connections between computer systems Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable, infrared light, radio waves Interface hardware Handles communication between the computer and the communication channel Modem or network interface card (NIC) Software Network protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, ATAPI
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Computer Systems All computer systems, no matter how complex, consists of the following: At least one CPU Memory to hold programs and data I/O devices Long-term storage
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Protocols Common ground rules of communication between computers, I/O devices, and many software programs Examples HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local area networks ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs
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Standards Created to ensure universal compatibility of data formats and protocols May be created by committee or may become a de facto standard through popular use Examples: Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC Video standards: VGA, XGA, RGB
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Early History 1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating machine 1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punch cards 1800’s: Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical engine (mechanical computer) Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the fundamental concepts of programming George Boole invents Boolean logic.
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Modern Computer Development 1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM). First electronic computer using relays. 1939: ABC is built First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum tubes. 1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of Pennsylvania). First general purpose digital computer. 1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed. Still the standard for present day computers. 1947: Creation of transistor (Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs). 1951: UNIVAC. First commercially available computer.