Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2K views

    Lecture - Young-Laplace and Kelvin Equations

    Uploaded by

    quoctri
    The Young-Laplace and Kelvin equations relate pressure differences across curved surfaces to surface tension. [1] The Young-Laplace equation states that for any curved surface, the pressure difference is equal to the surface tension multiplied by the inverse of the principal radii of curvature. [2] The Kelvin equation derives from Young-Laplace and relates the vapor pressure inside a liquid droplet to the surface tension and radius of the droplet. [3] Both equations have been experimentally validated and can explain phenomena involving curved surfaces and phase changes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture - Young-Laplace and Kelvin Equations

    Uploaded by

    quoctri
    2K views8 pages
    The Young-Laplace and Kelvin equations relate pressure differences across curved surfaces to surface tension. [1] The Young-Laplace equation states that for any curved surface, the pressure difference is equal to the surface tension multiplied by the inverse of the principal radii of curvature. [2] The Kelvin equation derives from Young-Laplace and relates the vapor pressure inside a liquid droplet to the surface tension and radius of the droplet. [3] Both equations have been experimentally validated and can explain phenomena involving curved surfaces and phase changes.

    Original Description:

    Young-Laplace and Kelvin Equations

    Original Title

    Lecture - Young-Laplace and Kelvin Equations (1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The Young-Laplace and Kelvin equations relate pressure differences across curved surfaces to surface tension. [1] The Young-Laplace equation states that for any curved surface, the pressure difference is equal to the surface tension multiplied by the inverse of the principal radii of curvature. [2] The Kelvin equation derives from Young-Laplace and relates the vapor pressure inside a liquid droplet to the surface tension and radius of the droplet. [3] Both equations have been experimentally validated and can explain phenomena involving curved surfaces and phase changes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    2K views8 pages

    Lecture - Young-Laplace and Kelvin Equations

    Uploaded by

    quoctri
    The Young-Laplace and Kelvin equations relate pressure differences across curved surfaces to surface tension. [1] The Young-Laplace equation states that for any curved surface, the pressure difference is equal to the surface tension multiplied by the inverse of the principal radii of curvature. [2] The Kelvin equation derives from Young-Laplace and relates the vapor pressure inside a liquid droplet to the surface tension and radius of the droplet. [3] Both equations have been experimentally validated and can explain phenomena involving curved surfaces and phase changes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 8
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that the Young-Laplace and Kelvin equations describe the pressure across curved surfaces and vapor pressures of droplets respectively. The Young-Laplace equation relates the pressure difference across a curved surface to its curvature, while the Kelvin equation relates the vapor pressure of a droplet to its radius.

    The two types of work done when deforming a soap bubble are the surface energy work and the pressure work.

    The two equations that describe the pressure across curved surfaces are the Young-Laplace equation, which gives the pressure difference as a function of the curvature for any curved surface, and specifically as 4γ/r for a hollow bubble and 2γ/r for a spherical droplet, and the Kelvin equation, which is derived from the Young-Laplace equation.

    Young-Laplace and Kelvin Equations

    (Chapter 4, pp. 67-69 in Shaw and pp. 10-11 in Osipow)

    Phenomena at Curved Surfaces:

    • As a consequence of interfacial tension, there is


    a balancing pressure across any curved
    surface.
    • Assume we deform a soap bubble by a small
    amount by applying a pressure:

    radius = r radius = r - dr

    DA = 2 x (4pr2 – 4p(r-dr)2)

    DA = 2 x (4pr2 – 4p(r2-dr2+2rdr))

    DA = -16prdr
    Two types of work are done:

    • Surface Energy Work

    DWS= 16 pgrdr

    • Pressure Work

    DWP= DP x 4pr2dr

    When the two are equal we get for the


    pressure across the curved surface:

    DP x 4pr2dr = 16pgrdr

    Hence:
    DP = 4g/r
    Known as the Young-Laplace equation
    for a hollow bubble.
    Other curved surfaces:

    Young-Laplace equation for a spherical


    droplet:
    DP = 2g/r

    Young-Laplace equation for any curved


    surface with principle radii of curvature r1
    and r2:
    DP = g(1/r1 + 1/r2)

    1/r2~0

    1/r1 DP = g/r1
    The Young-Laplace equation has been
    experimentally validated in the
    following ways:
    1) Two connected soap bubbles.

    2) Measurement of capillary rise for


    liquids with known surface tensions.

    3) Through a validation of the Kelvin


    equation which is derived from the
    Young-Laplace equation.
    The Kelvin Equation
    (Chapter 4, pp. 67-69 in Shaw)

    If the radius of a droplet increases from r


    to r+dr, the increase in surface free
    energy will be:

    DGi = 8pgrdr

    Pr Pr+dr
    Po

    If the process involves the transfer of


    dn moles of liquid from the plane
    surface with vapor pressure Po to the
    droplet with vapor pressure Pr, the
    free energy increase is also equal to:

    dn RT ln(Pr/Po)
    Thus:

    dn RT ln(Pr/Po) = 8pgrdr

    And:

    dn = 4pr2 dr r/M

    Then:
    Pr 2gM 2gVm
    RT ln  
    Po rr r
    r is the density of the fuid;
    M is the molar mass of the fluid; and
    Vm is the molar volume.

    The above relationship is known as the


    Kelvin equation for liquid droplets.
    For water droplets:

    r, nm Pr/Po

    100 1.01
    10 1.1
    1 3.0

    The Kelvin equation has been


    experimentally verified with crossed
    mica cylinders (see Heimenz, p. 263):

    Pr
    For bubbles in a liquid the Kelvin
    equation is given as:
    Pr 2gM 2gVm
    RT ln  
    Po rr r
    When the curvature is negative
    (i.e. concave) then a lowering of
    the vapor pressure is predicted.
    The Kelvin equation can easily explain
    the following processes:

    • Vapor condensing in small capillaries


    • Capillary rise phenomena
    • Supersaturation phenomena
    (scratching organic chemists)
    • Emulsion breakdown mechanism
    known as Ostwald ripening

    Next lectures: Measurement of Surface


    Tensions and Surfactants

    You might also like