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    Hybridization: DR Karimah Kassim CHM 475

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    Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that atoms use to bond. The number of hybrid orbitals formed equals the number of atomic orbitals mixed. Sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, and sp3d2 are common hybridizations that involve mixing s and p orbitals. The type of hybridization used by a central atom can be determined by counting the number of lone pairs and bonds. Sigma bonds concentrate electron density between the nuclei of bonded atoms, while pi bonds distribute it above and below the molecular plane. Molecular orbital theory describes chemical bonding in terms of atomic orbitals combining to form molecular orbitals.

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    Hybridization: DR Karimah Kassim CHM 475

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    Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that atoms use to bond. The number of hybrid orbitals formed equals the number of atomic orbitals mixed. Sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, and sp3d2 are common hybridizations that involve mixing s and p orbitals. The type of hybridization used by a central atom can be determined by counting the number of lone pairs and bonds. Sigma bonds concentrate electron density between the nuclei of bonded atoms, while pi bonds distribute it above and below the molecular plane. Molecular orbital theory describes chemical bonding in terms of atomic orbitals combining to form molecular orbitals.

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    Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that atoms use to bond. The number of hybrid orbitals formed equals the number of atomic orbitals mixed. Sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, and sp3d2 are common hybridizations that involve mixing s and p orbitals. The type of hybridization used by a central atom can be determined by counting the number of lone pairs and bonds. Sigma bonds concentrate electron density between the nuclei of bonded atoms, while pi bonds distribute it above and below the molecular plane. Molecular orbital theory describes chemical bonding in terms of atomic orbitals combining to form molecular orbitals.

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    86 views34 pages

    Hybridization: DR Karimah Kassim CHM 475

    Uploaded by

    api-386303659
    Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that atoms use to bond. The number of hybrid orbitals formed equals the number of atomic orbitals mixed. Sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, and sp3d2 are common hybridizations that involve mixing s and p orbitals. The type of hybridization used by a central atom can be determined by counting the number of lone pairs and bonds. Sigma bonds concentrate electron density between the nuclei of bonded atoms, while pi bonds distribute it above and below the molecular plane. Molecular orbital theory describes chemical bonding in terms of atomic orbitals combining to form molecular orbitals.

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    of 34

    HYBRIDIZATION

    DR KARIMAH KASSIM
    CHM 475
    Hybridization – mixing of two or more atomic
    orbitals to form a new set of hybrid orbitals.
    1. Mix at least 2 nonequivalent atomic orbitals (e.g. s
    and p). Hybrid orbitals have very different shape
    from original atomic orbitals.
    2. Number of hybrid orbitals is equal to number of
    pure atomic orbitals used in the hybridization
    process.
    3. Covalent bonds are formed by:
    a. Overlap of hybrid orbitals with atomic orbitals
    b. Overlap of hybrid orbitals with other hybrid
    orbitals
    Sigma () bonds concentrate
    density along line joining atoms
    How do I predict the hybridization of the central atom?

    Count the number of lone pairs AND the number


    of atoms bonded to the central atom

    # of Lone Pairs
    +
    # of Bonded Atoms Hybridization Examples
    2 sp BeCl2

    3 sp2 BF3

    4 sp3 CH4, NH3, H2O

    5 sp3d PCl5

    6 sp3d2 SF6
    The sp hybrid orbitals in gaseous BeCl2.

    atomic
    orbitals

    hybrid
    orbitals

    orbital box diagrams


    The sp hybrid orbitals in gaseous BeCl2(continued).

    orbital box diagrams with orbital contours


    The sp2 hybrid orbitals in BF3.
    The sp3 hybrid orbitals in CH4.
    The sp3 hybrid orbitals in NH3.
    The sp3 hybrid orbitals in H2O.
    The sp3d hybrid orbitals in PCl5.
    The sp3d2 hybrid orbitals in SF6.
    A single bond is a sigma bond
    The -bond in ethylene. The shape of the molecule
    has something to do with the orbitals of carbon.
    Pi bond () – electron density above and below plane of nuclei
    Sigma bond () – electron density between the 2 atoms
    of the bonding atoms
    Sigma () and Pi Bonds ()

    Single bond 1 sigma bond

    Double bond 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond

    Triple bond 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds

    How many  and  bonds are in the acetic acid


    (vinegar) molecule CH3COOH?
    O

    H
     bonds = 6 + 1 = 7
    H C C O H
     bonds = 1
    H
    SAMPLE PROBLEM 11.2 Describing the Bond in Molecules

    PROBLEM: Describe the types of bonds and orbitals in acetone, (CH3)2CO.

    PLAN: Use the Lewis structures to ascertain the arrangement of groups and
    shape at each central atom. Postulate the hybrid orbitals taking note of
    the multiple bonds and their orbital overlaps.

    SOLUTION: sp2 sp2


    sp3 hybridized
    O
    O
    O sp2
    H H
    sp3 hybridized H C H sp 2
    sp3
    C C
    H sp3 2
    H H
    H sp2 C sp C sp3 C
    C H
    sp2 hybridized 3 sp3 H3 C CH3
    3
    sp H sp 3H
    H sp3 sp

    bond
    bonds
    Experiments show O2 is paramagnetic
    O
    O
    No unpaired e-
    Should be diamagnetic

    Molecular orbital theory – bonds are formed from


    interaction of atomic orbitals to form molecular
    orbitals.
    Energy levels of bonding and antibonding molecular
    orbitals in hydrogen (H2).

    A bonding molecular orbital has lower energy and greater


    stability than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed.

    An antibonding molecular orbital has higher energy and


    lower stability than the atomic orbitals from which it was
    formed.
    Molecular Orbital (MO) Configurations

    1. The number of molecular orbitals (MOs) formed is always


    equal to the number of atomic orbitals combined.
    2. The more stable the bonding MO, the less stable the
    corresponding antibonding MO.
    3. The filling of MOs proceeds from low to high energies.
    4. Each MO can accommodate up to two electrons.
    5. Use Hund’s rule when adding electrons to MOs of the
    same energy.
    6. The number of electrons in the MOs is equal to the sum of
    all the electrons on the bonding atoms.
    Number of Number of
    bond order =
    1
    2 ( electrons in
    bonding
    MOs
    - electrons in
    antibonding
    MOs
    )

    bond
    ½ 1 ½ 0
    order
    Delocalized molecular orbitals are not confined between
    two adjacent bonding atoms, but actually extend over three
    or more atoms.
    Electron density above and below the plane of the
    benzene molecule.

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