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Laboratory Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus
Laboratory Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus
Laboratory finding
• Hyperglycemia
• Hyperlipidemia
• High serum insulin/C-peptide level
• Sekresi insulin mengalami defek
• Insuline resistance
Table 2: general characteristics type 1 & type 2 diabetes
characteristic Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes
Typical age of onset < 35 >35
Genetic predisposition low high
Antibodies to beta cells Yes 90-95 % no
Body habitus Normal/wasted obese
Plasma insulin/c-peptide Low/absent high
Enam minggu ssd hamil atau kemudian wanita tsb harus diperiksa
ulang utk mengetahui adanya diabetes mellitus atau IGT
Prevalensi diabetes
Western life-style country 6-7.6 %;Developing country
(middle east, western pacific) > 6 %;
Di antara 1995 & 2025 prevalensinya diprediksi men-
jadi 35 % prevalensi meningkat diseluruh dunia., ter-
utama terjadi di negara berkembang, cenderung lebih
dari 300 juta pada th 2025. Sekarang ini sebanyak 50 %
penderita diabetes tidak terdiagnose. Sejak intervensi
pengobatan dapat menurunkan komplikasi penyakit ini,
tidak perlu awal penyebabnya Resiko perkembangan
diabetes type 2 bertambah dengan umur, obesitas &
lack of physical activity
Uji-saring diabetes
An analytical, organizational & financial
challenge.
Aspek organisasi dan finansial faktor terbesar.
Beberapa strategi telah diusulkan dievaluasi
utk uji-saring. Bila mungkin uji-saring ini dila-
kukan dlm local health-care system; shg setiap
individu dg hasil positive mendapat follow up
investigasi dan pengobatan yang tepat
Uji-saring diabetes
Screening strategy will depend on the under-lying
prevalence of diabetes, structure of the local health-
care system and the economic condition of the
country.
Creatinine/urea
Proteinuria
Plasma lipid profile
Peranan lab dalam diabetes
table 4: Advance techniques for the assessment and control of diabetes and glucose
metabolism
IAA
Insulin
C-peptide
IV glucose load
Clamp (euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp)
Penetapan glukose
Indikator paling sederhana metabolisme karbohidrat penderita yg
adekuat : kadar glukosa darah; yg menggambarkan status
metabolisme KH sesaat, bukan evaluasi metabolisme glukosa baik
retrospektif maupun prospektif .
- metode ensimatik
hexokinase-G6PDH metode rujukan
glucose dehydrogenase
glucose oxidase peroxidase
glucose oxidase (GOD) dg reaksi indikator lainnya
Penetapan glukose
Serum/plasma Whole blood
Hexokinase/G6PDH 80-100 mg/dl 65-95 mg/dl
Permasalahan
1. poor reflection of changing level of hyper-
glycema.
2. renal threshold varies among individuals.
3. lack of sensivitity and specificity of the
qualitative and semiquantitative
procedures
Quality control of glucose determination
Reliability of the methods dianalisa dengan
– Trueness
– Accuracy
– Precision
Evaluation of accuracy and trueness within series
appropriate certified control material should be used.
Penyimpangan maksimal yg dibolehkan harus diberikan
& tidak boleh kurang dari 15%. Pengukuran precision
dlm serial dan diantara serial pemeriksaan ditetapkan
kuantitative. Imprecision maks yg dibolehkan dlm serial
pemeriksaan tidak >5%. Serum ikterus, turbid &/ hemolisis
harus digunakan utk memeriksa interferences selama
penetapan glukose
Self-monitoring of blood glucose
Keuntungan & keterbatasan glukometer utk self-
monitoring sbb
Advantages
1. high precission (CV 3.0-7.1)
2. no need for pipette
3. capillary blood
4. low price of instrument
5. easy to use
6. overcome colour blindness & illumination
problem
Self-monitoring of blood glucose
Keterbatasan blood glukometer
1. limited analytical measurement interval
2. inaccuracy of measurement
3. lack of compatibility with control samples
4. matrix effect
5. temperature effects causing false result
6. higher costs of consumable
Self-monitoring of blood glucose
Rekomendasi monitoring glukose dlm diabetes
1. Penderita diabetes harus mengendalikan kadar
glukosanya sedapat mungkin mendekati normal.
Bagi diabetes type 2 hanya dpt dicapai dg self-
monitoring of blood glucose.
2. Utk menjamin ketepatan hasilnya digunakan
kaliberasi & lar kontrol
3. Pengguna harus tahu kapan dikaliberasi utk
whole blood atau plasma glucose
4. Pengguna harus tahu cara memelihara alat tsb
& menginterpretasi hasilnya
OGTT
• Test utk menguji efisiensi tubuh utk metabolisis glukosa
• Utk membedakan metabolisme orang sehat dari impaired
glucose intolerance & diabetes
• Utk diagnosis diabetes lebih sensitive dibanding FPG.
Disamping itu diagnosis diabetes tidak didasarkan atas 2
jam pasca pembebanan glukosa >200 mg/dl tapi harus
dikonfirmasi pad hari berikutnya (FPG dan atau glukosa
sewaktu
• Lebih sensitive utk diagnosis diabetes dibanding fasting
plasma glucose
• Tidak utk monitoring seperti HbA₁c & glukose ulang
• Terutama digunakan diagnosis IGT dan in epidemiological
population studies. Bukan utk diagnosis rutin
OGTT
Preparation of the patient
3 days unrestricted, carbohydrat rich diet and activity.
No medication on the day of the test. 12 h fast. No
smoking. Glucose load : adult 75 g in 300-400 water;
children 1,75 g/kg up to 75 g glucose
Plasma glucose sampling
10 min before glucose load
120 min after glucose load
In case of hyperglycaemia, urine glucose can be
additionnally measured
OGTT
evaluation
Fasting plasma glucose 120 min glucose