General Introduction To Construction Industry

 Construction sectors and activities are considered as to be
one of the major sources of economic growth,

development and economic activities.
 Mechanism of generating employment and offering job
opportunities to million of skilled, unskilled and
semiskilled work force.
 According to President ICCI(islamabad chamber of
commerce and industry,2013)Asad Farid, “Construction
Industry plays a vital role in reducing unemployment as it
is a prime source of employment generation offering job
opportunities to million of, unskilled,semi-skilled, skilled
work force.Increasing construction activity in the economy
could have positive effects in allied industries such as
cement,iron,steel, marbles, electrical and sanitary
works,horticulture and transport and millions of jobs could
be generated during the chain reaction process”
 Money
Important Source of Construction Industry same as that of blood in living
Organism.so for the survival of construction project we have to circulate money.
 Material
Is another important source after money, acts like food in construction
industry. Concrete is considered as the most using material in the world after
water. Therefore the modern era is known by the name of “ concrete Age”
 Man power
Incudes labors, technicians, supervisors, engineers, administrative
officials.
 Machinery
Plays a vital role in construction indutry, it has made the worker more
productive and has reduced the man power.By the use of Machinery,
we can even done very tedious work in just a bit of time.
 Management
An efficient work can be possible only due to efficient management. It
behaves like a brain of whole construction industry.
A good management may serve the man in practical and realistic
parameters by
Minimum Labour
Minimum cost
Minimum Material
Maximum Efficiency
 i) Heavy Construction:
Also known as Engineering Construction or Horizontal construction.
Roads , railways, tunnels, dams, barrages, bridges etc.
Inclusion In Constrtuction Industry: 5% to 10% of the total Construction throughout the year.
Funding Source : Government
 ii) Industrial Construction
Manufacturing plants , steel mills, oil refineries, chemical processing plants etc
Funding Source : Government or private
 iii)Commercial Construction
 Buildings for religious purpose, social and for government, plazas, hospitals etc.
 iv) Residential Construction

Biggest Sector of Construction
Inclusion In Constrtuction Industry: 50% of the total Construction throughout the year.
 A single individual, company or organization
involves directly or indirectly in the execution,
design, planning and construction of civil
engineering works are called project players.
 Following are different types of project players
 Owner
 Consultant
 Contractor
 Regulatory Agents
 others
i) Owner/client:
The owner is the individual or organization who is the initiator,
floats idea and ultimate buyer and prossessor of the project.
The owner is totally responsible for the financing of the project.
ii)Cosultant
Individual or firm who provide services relating to engineering
design, geotechnical etc.Consultant may be an architect or an
engineer.
iii) Contractor:
Contracting team is responsible to do work according to design
and specifications
Following are duties of contractor
a). Assure the work to be completed in specified time period
b) Must use tools at the site of work
c) Must arrange labour force.
A contractor may serve the project in following forms
a) General Contracor(GC): is responsible to actually execute the
project and is responsilble to owner and consultant
b) Sub contractor or specialty Contractor:facilitates the general
contractor for sub projects like electricity, HVAC, Plumbing ,
wood works, paints etc
 a): Insurance Companies:
These are companies which provide facilities on the behalf of contractor or
client
Bid Bond Facility
Performance Bond
Payment Bond
b)Banks: The Bank will allow funding on behalf of client, and
provides complete insurance to the contractor.
c) Development Authorities :Development authorities
legally formulate and regulate codes and by laws for specific tertiary
like RDA, MDA, CDA
Suppliers
 Public
 Construction manager(on the behalf of owner
not common in Pakistan)
 Labour Union
 etc
 Planning:
Planning is pre-determined course of action to obtain the desired
project activities. It also involves the formulation of alternatives
and chooses the best suitable. During planning phase, project is
required to be split up into well definable work in terms of time
and resources.
 Scheduling:
It is the arranging of the work plan in the sequence of time.
 Scoping:
Scoping is the defining the object of the project. Thus,
the project must be stated in the definite end measurable
terms, which include costs, schedule or quality of
performance. Thus we obtain realistic and specific
objective of the project during scoping.
 Organizing:
 Integrating the resources in the project is termed as organizing.
Money, equipment, time, technology, manpower, materials are
resources. Putting them together to obtain desired result is
organizing.
 Controlling:
 Controlling is the monitoring, influencing and directing the
project. The progress of project is assessed through suitable
measure; deviations are discovered and corrective measures are
taken to rectify the deviation. Following steps are involved in
controlling a project.
 Assess the progress of the project, measure quality and flow of
money.
 Compare with original schedule, specification, design. Also
obtain the quality of conformance.
 Take necessary action to correct if there is any deviation from
the earlier plans
 Directing:
 It is function of project leader to give instructions to
subordinates, supervise their work and corresponds to the report
when they give as feedback. Basically directing is linked with
organization setup of project management team.
 Staffing:
 This is the process of dividing the project work and placing
suitable person at the appropriate positions. Recruitment,
training and their assessment are part of staffing.
 Coordinating:
 This is the process of interaction between different departments
or functionalities in the project management group which
generally follows pyramidal structure.
 Estimation:
 Estimation evaluates the resources in terms of cost. Planning
evaluates the resources in terms of time. Adding both together
as is necessary to obtain the cash flow.
 Civil Engineering project
starts with idea, requirement
to fulfill demands, will to
provide basic services to
the citizen by the state.
Project ends with the
infrastructure of facilities,
recreational services, and
industrial plants in operation
as reality. The phases through
which a civil engineering project
passes are:
.
 In this stage, ideas generated by individuals / a group of
people are studied. Following important points are carried
out to establish the viability of the project.
 Conceptual development of the model and its studies
 Technical and economic feasibility studies
 Environmental impact assessment
 Social Impact assessment
 Land and geological survey-location of the project
 Enumeration of major problems in translating the project
to reality
 Example: Suppose a state highway is crossing the railway
line. The idea is to construct a fly over. This is situated in a
small district level town. Here the project is the
construction of the flyover. In this phase, the following
points are examined-
 Based upon the level of traffic, the basic model of the fly over is
prepared, with respect to width, length of the approach road, etc.
 The cost of construction is roughly estimated and source of money
discussed.
 Is it necessary to have a fly over now? This point is studied with regard
to the level of traffic on the road as well as on the railway line. If the
traffic load is low, the project may be discarded based on cost-benefit
analysis.
 How to relocate any power line coming in the construction area.
 Preliminary soil investigation

 These points basically come under the conceptual model & technical and
educational studies. Environment project assessment is not very
important for this project. But a thorough study of the environment
project impact has also to be carried out for the construction of Dam,
Nuclear power plant, etc.
 Outcome of this stage: A report dealing with investigation and studies
concerning the problems to be encountered and its solution.
 In this stage, project takes the definite shape. All the technical issues related
to the project are carried out. Engineers come out with the best alternatives
available. Design phase of project is carried out in two phases -
 Preliminary design
 Detailed design
 Preliminary design
 This stage involves primarily the studies of various design alternative, their
economic comparative studies and architectural aspect. Also, in this stage,
detailed field investigation such as soil testing, geological, hydrological data
collection, market survey, etc are carried out. Depending on the nature of the
project, various data is collected. It is difficult to say the end of feasibility
study and the start of preliminary design. These steps are also a part of
feasibility study.
 Example:
In the example of a flyover, this steps involve selection of the bridge deck
type, i.e. whether a steel or concrete, box girder bridge or pre-stress. Also
the exact dimension of the flyover is fixed, i.e. number of piers, width of foot
path, architectural aspect, etc. Also detailed soil investigation and site
investigation are carried out to get the idea of method of construction.
 .
 Detailed Design-
 In this stage, the project is broken down into its
components and each of the elements are analysed
and designated, such that the engineer provide the
clear drawings and specifications which is used for
construction. This phase is traditionally involved
with designers
 Outcome of this design phase: The following are the
outcome of this phase -
 Drawing of the structures/facilities to be constructed
 Specifications of component to be employed which
contain detailed description of the facilities to be
constructed
 In this stage, the bills of quantities are prepared, final cost
estimate is worked out. Most of the agreements are signed
and relationships between different parties involved is
defined following points are generally addressed during
this time. The project has to be executed according to the
drawing and specification. Also –
 o Tender notices are advertised
 o Qualification of contractor / suppliers is studied.
 o Contract is awarded to execute the work
 o For many of the projects, such as industrial projects,
industrial material and equipment to be installed is
purchased
 Outcome of this stage: Contract document, which is a
legal document describing the terms and conditions to
execute the project.
 This is the most important phase of a civil engineering project, where
the major portion of the money is invested. A lot of issues of project
management are invloved during this phase. The project is realized in
the real world. The main work involved during construction is to answer
the following questions -
 How to do the particular construction (Construction Methods)
 How to organize labour and equipments to accomplish the construction
(Labour and equipments Management)
 How to manage materials for constructions (Material Management)
 How to breakdown the overall work into small identifiable work called
activity and put them in sequence (Construction Planning)
 How to calculate the time and resources required to complete the
activity and obtain the criticality of the activity (Construction Scheduling)
 How to distribute the labour and equipments, in order to accomplish the
work in the given time (Labour, equipment, allocation, resource
allocation)
 How to prepare the bill for the money invested in the construction to get
the payment from the client (Construction Finance)
 How to conform the construction is according to drawing
and specifications (Quality of conformance)
 How to implement the safety measure taken during
construction (Construction safety)
 How to organize the different personals or the company
involved in the construction and define relations among
them (Constructional Organization management,
construction sub contracting, construction Supervision and
method of reporting)
 How to check whether the project is according to
construction schedule and quality (Construction
supervision)
 What to do if things are not moving according to plan
(Disputes and arbitration, Labour laws, Penalty)
 How to avoid redundancy in the system (Value
engineering)
 Outcome of this stage: Facility or structures
 Aim of this phase is to check that the project has been carried
out according to the contract document. All the facilities
developed should function properly as envisaged in the design.
Also during this stage changes in the design during the
construction is properly documented for the purpose of technical
performance and financial implications. Following activities are
carried out during this stage -
 Check if each component is functioning according to design and
specification
 Check if the entire system is functioning accordingly as desired
 To remove the defect if any during construction work
 Dream has come to reality
 This is one of the main stage, in the bigger project such as
power plant, industrial project, dam, etc, The commissioning in
large project is carried out in several stages and then the
complete system is tested. Testing of components is generally
carried out during construction phase. Operational and
maintenance instruction manuals are also prepared during this
phase.
 Basic infrastructure facilities created should
be utilized to its fullest capacity
 Regular repair of the part getting damaged
has to be accomplished
 This stage has become a very important stage
in dealing with project when we talk about
the life cycle cost of the project.

General Introduction To Construction Industry

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What are the different types of construction projects discussed?

What are the different stages of a construction project?

 Construction sectors and activities are considered as to be

one of the major sources of economic growth,

 iv) Residential Construction

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