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  • Introduction To Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

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    GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that uses precise timing signals from 24 satellites to determine the location of GPS receivers. The system has three segments - the space segment consisting of satellites, the control segment of ground stations that track satellites and upload corrections, and the user segment of GPS receivers. GPS works by satellites transmitting timing codes that allow receivers to calculate distances and use triangulation to determine their position with accuracy typically within 25 meters without corrections or down to centimeter-level with differential GPS corrections.

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    Gps Segments

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    GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that uses precise timing signals from 24 satellites to determine the location of GPS receivers. The system has three segments - the space segment consisting of satellites, the control segment of ground stations that track satellites and upload corrections, and the user segment of GPS receivers. GPS works by satellites transmitting timing codes that allow receivers to calculate distances and use triangulation to determine their position with accuracy typically within 25 meters without corrections or down to centimeter-level with differential GPS corrections.

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    32 views28 pages

    Introduction To Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

    Uploaded by

    sanu81
    GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that uses precise timing signals from 24 satellites to determine the location of GPS receivers. The system has three segments - the space segment consisting of satellites, the control segment of ground stations that track satellites and upload corrections, and the user segment of GPS receivers. GPS works by satellites transmitting timing codes that allow receivers to calculate distances and use triangulation to determine their position with accuracy typically within 25 meters without corrections or down to centimeter-level with differential GPS corrections.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    Introduction to Global

    Positioning Systems (GPS)


    What is GPS?
    • A satellite based positioning system
    • Three Segments
    – Space Segment - 24 satellites
    – Control Segment
    – User Segment
    Satellite Segment
    • NAVSTAR (NAVigation by Satellite Timing and
    Ranging)
    • Use precise clocks
    • Very high frequency 1200-1500 Mhz
    communication (travels 25 cm in .000000083
    seconds).
    • Satellites orbit in 6 orbital plates to provide
    complete coverage
    • Satellites orbit at 10,900 miles (2 orbits per day)
    GPS Satellite
    GPS Constellation
    Ground Track
    Control Segment
    • Run by the US Military
    • Ground based
    • Used to track and adjust satellites
    • Computes exact orbits (for location)
    User Segment
    • Units receive transmission from Satellites
    • Cost between $150 and $15000 (depends
    on accuracy)
    • Must be line of sight with satellites
    How does it work?
    • Position of satellites is known.
    – Satellite provides an “electronic almanac” to the
    receiver
    • The speed of the radio signal from each
    satellite is known
    • Timing allows the calculation of the distance
    from each satellite.
    • Using triangulation, the position of the
    receiver is calculated.
    How measurements are
    possible
    • Each satellite sends information
    on its location and the time
    code is sent.
    • It sends a code that allows the
    measurement of the distance to
    the satellite.
    • If four satellites are visible, a
    single receiver can measure
    locations to within 100 meters
    95% of the time.
    GPS Signals
    GPS
    Triangulation
    Geometric Dilution of
    Precision (GDOP)
    Note the importance of accurate
    clocks

    A s s u m e a tim in g e r ro r o f 1 m ic r o s e c o n d

    miles
    speed of light in a vacuum - 186, 000
    sec
    miles sec 5280ft
    186, 000   0.186miles   982ft.
    sec 1, 000, 000 mile
    Differential GPS (DGPS)
    • Used to correct for errors
    • Uses a ground station at a known location
    • Ground station measures error of GPS
    signal
    • Error transmitted to DGPS unit and position
    is corrected.
    Differential GPS (DGPS)
    DGPS Signals
    • US Coast Guard
    – Near navigable waters
    – Free
    • Subscription Services
    – FM (line of sight)
    – Satellite
    • Most of the Valley gets Coast Guard signal
    1 Meter Correction sources -
    Coast Guard

    http://www.ngs.noaa.gov
    /CORS/Cors_coverage.ht
    ml
    True Range vs.
    Pseudorange
    • Errors in range (distance) result in position
    errors.
    – Satellite Clock Error
    – Signal Transmission Error
    – Error in receiver clock
    • Carrier-phase tracking
    – Used for very precise location
    – $$$
    Improving Accuracy -
    Corrections
    • Real time vs. Post Process corrections
    • Real Time - Know your location in real time -
    radio link needed
    • Post process - Process the data in the office
    to find real location
    Accuracy
    • GPS with Selective Availability on: 50 m
    • GPS with SA off: 25 m
    • DGPS 1-3 m to 1-2 cm
    • Better accuracy is achieved by sampling
    more points (statistical)
    Improving Accuracy -
    Corrections
    • Two receivers required - error about the
    same at each
    • Put a receiver over a known location
    • The difference between know location and
    measured location is the error
    • Apply this error correction to the moving
    receiver to improve accuracy
    Code phase vs. Carrier
    phase
    • The accuracy of the measurement is related
    to the length of wavelength used.
    • Code phase - 300 meter wavelength
    • Carrier phase - 0.19 meters
    Code Phase
    Vs. Carrier Phase
    • Advantages of Code • Advantages of carrier
    Phase phase over code
    Over Carrier Phase phase
    – Since the pseudo – The accuracy possibly
    random code has a increases from 1 meter
    known pattern it is to 1 cm.
    quicker to obtain a
    position.
    – It is less susceptible to
    interference such as
    trees.
    GPS Output
    • Commonly Latitude and Longitude
    • Latitude
    – North/South position
    • Longitude
    – East/West Position
    • Given in decimal degrees. Ex.
    -119.727289 36.822758
    West Lon. North Lat.
    Using GPS Data
    • GPS Unit stores data then download to
    computer
    • GPS Unit has direct interface to computer
    • GPS Unit is interfaced to:
    – Yield monitor
    – Variable rate applicator
    – Navigation guidance (parallel swathing)
    1 cm - base station on site

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