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  • Global Positioning System

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    Ramdas Devidas
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    GPS

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    15 views66 pages

    Global Positioning System

    Uploaded by

    Ramdas Devidas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 66

    GLOBAL POSITIONING

    SYSTEM
    MAPS

    • WHAT IS MAP ?
    • PICTURE VS MAP !
    • WHY WE NEED MAP ?
    • MAPS – COMPUTER CARTOGRAPHY - GIS
    • HOW MAPS ARE CREATED ?
    SURVEY
    • HISTORY OF SURVEY
    • PERAMBULATIONS
    • CHAIN SURVEYS
    • COMPASS SURVEYS
    • THEODALITE SURVEYS
    • TOTAL STATIONS
    • EDM - LASER RANGERS
    • LIMITATIONS
    • VISIBILITY
    • MEASUREMENTS
    • OBSTRUCTIONS
    • OTHER DISTURBANCES
    • HEIGHTS
    • TIE LINES & PROJECTIONS
    • ACCURACY
    • INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS
    • MANUAL ERRORS
    • TECHNICAL ERRORS
    REFERENCING SYSTEM
    • UNIQUE LOCATION
    • WORLD CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
    • GEOID
    • ELLIPSOID - SPHEROID
    • DATUM
    • MEAN SEA LEVEL
    • PROJECTIONS OF THE WORLD
    • INDIAN GEODETIC SYSTEM
    World co-ordinate system
    UNIQUE LOCATION
    GEOID – ELLIPSOID – SPHEROID – DATUM – MEAN SEA LEVEL
    PROJECTIONS OF THE WORLD
    WHAT IS GPS ?
    • Satellite-based

    • Developed and
    maintained by US
    Department of
    Defense

    • A super accurate
    system

    • Signals are free

    • Unlimited users

    • Round the clock


    availability
    GPS is Satellite-Based
    Uses trilateration from satellites

    • 25 satellites - Initial Operational Capability


    • Satellites in very high orbit 20,200 KM
    (12,600 miles)
    • Only possible with today's technology
    – Computers and clocks
    Why We Use Satellites for
    Mapping
    Line of sight is not necessary
    No need to measure distances
    General GPS Characteristics
    • What is GPS?
    • Developed by the US Department of
    Defense
    • Provides
    – Accurate Navigation
    • 10 - 20 m (SA off)
    – Worldwide Coverage
    – 24 hour access
    – Common Coordinate System
    • Designed to replace existing
    navigation systems
    • Accessible by Civil and Military
    Using GPS for Mapping
    Navigation
    • Find an existing feature
    – Pick from map or search in list
    • or find a given location
    – From paper map - need local coordinates
    • The follow directions
    – Distance to go
    – Steer left or right
    – Display on map on PC
    – No need for a compass
    GPS SEGMENTS
    • SPACE SEGMENT
    (SATELLITE CONSTELLATION)
    • GROUND CONTROL SEGMENT
    Monitoring stations
    Control station
    • USER SEGMENT
    THREE SEGMENTS OF
    GPS
    SPACE SEGMENT

    USER SEGMENT

    Monitor stations
    • Diego Garcia
    • Ascension Island
    • Kwajalein
    • Hawaii

    GPS Control
    Colorado Springs

    GROUND CONTROL SEGMENT


    USER SEGMENT

    • HAND HELD GPS


    • DIFFERENTIAL GPS
    ANTENNA
    MICRO PROCESSOR
    CONTROL & DISPLAY UNIT
    RECORDING DEVICE
    POWER SUPPLY
    11 Trilateration From Satellites
    • By measuring distance from several
    satellites you can calculate your position
    Trilateration
    One measurement narrows down our position
    to the surface of a sphere

    11,000 miles We're somewhere


    on the surface of
    this sphere.
    Trilateration
    Second measurement narrows it down to
    intersection of two spheres

    Intersection of two
    Spheres is a circle
    Trilateration
    Third measurement narrows to just two
    points
    Trilateration
    Fourth measurement will decide between
    Two points
    22 Satellite Ranging
    Measuring the distance from a
    satellite

    • Done by measuring travel time of radio signals


    Speed-of-Light Measurement
    Measure how long it takes the GPS signal to
    get to us (Receiver)
    • Multiply that time by 300,000 km/sec
    – Time (sec) x 300,000 = km

    • If you've got a good clock in the receiver,


    all you need to know is exactly when signal
    left satellite
    How Do We Know When the
    Signal Left the Satellite?
    One of the Clever Ideas of GPS:
    • Use same code at receiver and satellite
    • Synchronize satellites and receivers so
    they're generating same code at same time
    • Then we look at the incoming code from
    the satellite and see how long ago our
    receiver generated the samemeasure
    codetime difference
    between same part of code
    from satellite

    from ground receiver


    33 Accurate Clocks
    Necessary to measure travel time
    • Making sure both receiver and satellite are synchronized
    • Whole system depends on very accurate clocks
    • Satellites have atomic clocks
    – Accurate but expensive
    • Ground receivers just need consistent clocks
    – The secret is in the extra satellite measurement that adjusts the receiver
    clock
    Need 4 Satellites for 3D Position
    If we are looking at the previous slides
    in 3d then we need
    • 4 satellites for 3d position (X, Y, Z, time)
    • 3 satellites for 2d position (X, Y, time) - user
    must enter Z value
    – Problem - if user enters poor Z, then X and Y
    will be incorrect!
    – Solution - work only in 3D!
    44 Knowing Where the Satellites
    Are
    After all, they're 20,000 km up
    • High orbit
    – Very stable orbits
    – No atmospheric drag
    – Survivability
    – Earth coverage
    • Monitored by US Defense Department
    – DOD transmits corrections back to satellite
    • Corrections transmitted from satellites to us
    – Status message (Ephemeris)
    Knowing Where the Satellites
    Are - Ephemeris
    Space Segment

    Current ephemeris
    is transmitted to
    users

    Monitor stations
    • Diego Garcia
    • Ascension Island
    • Kwajalein
    • Hawaii

    GPS Control
    Colorado Springs
    GPS APPLICATIONS
    Utilities
    • Asset Mapping
    – What are they?
    – Where are they?
    – What Condition are they are in ?
    – How can they be utilized to full potential?
    – What information exists about them?
    – How do we find the exact ones in the future ?
    Utilities

    • Asset Repair/Maintenance
    – Just where is the break in the cable ?
    – How much road do I need to excavate ?
    – How much area was damaged by fire in R.F?
    – How is the condition of the Avenue plantation?
    Natural Resources
    • Forestry
    • Agencies of land and park management
    • Wildlife and fisheries
    • Soil
    Forestry
    • Timber estimation
    – Tree species
    – Diameter
    – Number of trees
    • Also mapping...
    – Fire damage
    – Diseased or infested trees
    – Boundaries
    – Routes for log trucks
    – Roads, culverts and bridges
    Wildlife and J.F.M

    • Species distribution mapping


    • Counts of species
    – Tiger
    – Carnivores
    – Others
    • Mapping migration patterns
    • Watersheds and drainage
    • Treatment maps - checkdams water harvesting
    structure
    Aerial Applications
    • Ground control for remote sensing
    • Vegetation identification for satellite
    imagery
    • Aerial guidance for spraying
    Transportation - Mapping
    • Transportation departments need to know
    about their assets
    – What are they
    • Bridges, Tunnels, Signals, Switches, Sidings, Road
    Crossings, Junctions, Land Parcels
    – Where are they?
    – What is their value?
    – Do they require maintenance?
    Transportation - Mapping
    • Roads
    – Do they require maintenance or repair
    – Pot-holes, road cracks
    – Weed/plant control
    Disaster Management
    • Proven technology in many disaster
    situations such as
    – Hurricane Andrew, USA
    – Kobe Earthquake, Japan
    – San Francisco Earthquake, USA
    – US Forest Service Wildland Fires
    – 1994 Mississippi Floods, USA
    Inventory Mapping

    • Navigate to the correct facility


    • Map the attributes for that facility
    Fire
    • Locating hot spots
    • Mapping outbreaks
    Education
    • Geography
    • Engineering
    • Biology
    • Archaeology
    • Primary and secondary
    Geology
    • Navigate to the study area
    • Map the outcrops
    AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION
    Updating GIS Data

    • Once your GIS is populated it


    needs regular update
    • Take existing data into the field
    • Use GPS to verify that you are
    at the correct feature
    • Update attributes and/or
    capture new features
    GPS - ERRORS
    GPS Error Types

    • System-wide errors - DGPS Correctable

    Satellite Clocks

    Ephemeris

    Atmospheric

    Selective Availability

    0 20 40 60 80 100

    Meters
    55 Atmospheric Corrections
    Apply estimated corrections
    Ionosphere
    • The signals are delayed by Troposphere

    the ionosphere and


    troposphere
    • Receiver makes estimated
    corrections for these delays
    Selective Availability
    U.S Government can (and does!) degrade the
    accuracy
    • Largest source of error in GPS
    • To prevent hostile forces from using GPS to
    full accuracy
    • By introducing intentional errors in timing
    signals and/or satellite ephemeris
    • S A was removed on 02.05.2000
    GPS ACCURACY

    • Depends on some variables


    • Can be more than 15 meters with non-
    differential GPS
    • Sub-meter to 5 meters with differential GPS
    • Sub-centimeter accuracy from survey
    products
    Many Accuracies Can Be
    Achieved
    These depend on some variables
    • Design of receiver
    • Relative positions of satellites
    • Time spent on measurements
    • Use of Differential techniques

    The following slides are horizontal RMS (Root


    Mean Square - 67th percentile)
    Standard Positioning Service
    -SPS (C/A-Code) - Autonomous
    GPS

    <50 m
    Precise Positioning Service-PPS
    P(Y) Code GPS

    <12 m
    Mapping Grade Receiver-DGPS

    Base Station

    <2m
    High Quality Mapping Receiver
    SPS-DGPS

    Base Station <1m


    Examples of Different Accuracy
    Requirements
    Code Phase GPS
    • 40 m - Navigation at sea
    • 10 m - Navigation to section corners
    • 2 m - Rural GIS data capture
    • 1 m - Municipality GIS data collection

    Carrier Phase GPS


    • 1 cm - Precision surveys
    • 1/2 cm - Control Surveys
    Differential GPS
    • It is possible to determine
    the position of Rover ‘B’ in
    relation to Reference ‘A’
    provided
    – Coordinates of ‘A’ is
    known
    – Simultaneous GPS
    Observations
     Differential Positioning
     eliminates errors in
    Ba
    the sat. and receiver A
    asselin
    line Vector

    clocks B
     minimizes

    atmospheric delays
     Accuracy 5 mm - 5 m
    ?
    •A roving GPS receiver uses these corrections to remove correctable errors
    Example of Uncorrected File

    Awaiting Data Set


    Example of Corrected File

    Awaiting Data Set


    ORGANISATION
    • GPS NEEDS ASSESSMENT
    • PROCUREMENT OF EQUIPMENT
    • ESTABLISHING BASE STATIONS
    • SURVEY WITH ROVERS
    • PROCESSING & MAP MAKING
    • AWARENESS & TRAININGS
    • INTEGRATION WITH GIS
    Sources of Base Data for Post
    processed DGPS

    Where does one get differential GPS base


    station data?
    • Base Stations
    – government, commercial or public
    (universities)
    – Set up your own
    – rover units can be used as a base
    Base Station Site Requirements

    • Clear view to satellites


    • Known coordinates
    • Clear of transmitters ( TV, radar)
    • Line of site to rover is not necessary
    Real-Time Differential GPS

    RTCM Corrections

    Reference Station at
    a known location
    THANK YOU

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