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  • GPS GeoXT

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    The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and its use for collecting accurate location data for drinking water sources in California. It describes how GPS works via satellites in space that transmit timing signals, how receivers use these signals to calculate position through trilateration, and factors that influence accuracy such as satellite geometry and atmospheric effects. Differential correction through a local base station can increase accuracy from around 10 meters without correction to 1-5 meters. The training objectives are to learn GPS fundamentals, operate the Trimble GeoXT receiver, and standardize data collection for the Drinking Water Source Assessment Program.

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    GPS_GeoXT

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    The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and its use for collecting accurate location data for drinking water sources in California. It describes how GPS works via satellites in space that transmit timing signals, how receivers use these signals to calculate position through trilateration, and factors that influence accuracy such as satellite geometry and atmospheric effects. Differential correction through a local base station can increase accuracy from around 10 meters without correction to 1-5 meters. The training objectives are to learn GPS fundamentals, operate the Trimble GeoXT receiver, and standardize data collection for the Drinking Water Source Assessment Program.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    34 views35 pages

    GPS GeoXT

    Uploaded by

    eurodesk11
    The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and its use for collecting accurate location data for drinking water sources in California. It describes how GPS works via satellites in space that transmit timing signals, how receivers use these signals to calculate position through trilateration, and factors that influence accuracy such as satellite geometry and atmospheric effects. Differential correction through a local base station can increase accuracy from around 10 meters without correction to 1-5 meters. The training objectives are to learn GPS fundamentals, operate the Trimble GeoXT receiver, and standardize data collection for the Drinking Water Source Assessment Program.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    Global Positioning System

    GeoXT Training January 20, 2003

    Training Provided by

    Information Center for the Environment


    University of California, Davis

    Instructor: Sky Harrison

    SWAP Training Objectives


    Provide sufficient written, hands-on, and field training to fulfill the GPS component of the Drinking Water Source Assessment Program
    Obtain general knowledge of fundamental GPS concepts Become familiar with the basics of operations of the Trimble GeoXT Become comfortable with the GPS data collection process designed for the SWAP program

    DHS Objectives
    Collect accurate locations for all public drinking water sources in California Integrate data collection into normal daily work routine Standardize data collection Make it easy!

    What is GPS?
    The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a precise worldwide radio-navigation system, and consists of a constellation of satellites and their ground stations, operated and maintained by the US Department of Defense (DoD).

    How Does it Work?


    The GPS Segments

    User

    Space

    Colorado Springs

    Control

    Space Segment
    24 satellites in 6 inclined orbits 4 satellites per orbit - 12 hour revolutions 12,600 miles (20,000 km) altitude

    Control Segment
    Managed by the U.S. Air Force 4 monitoring and 3 upload stations Daily ephemeris (location) updates Transmits clock and orbit corrections Disable use of satellites Degrade accuracy of the signals

    US Air Force

    User Segment
    U.S. Military Civilian shipping Scientific high accuracy applications Resource managers (GIS data capture) Survey and mapping control

    What is GPS Used For?


    Application s Point Features
    Line and Area Features
    Navigation

    GIS Data Capture

    Point Features
    Nest trees Survey monuments Fence corners Trail markers Instream structures Search and rescue Monitoring devices Reference points Cultural sites Wells Helispots Photo points Hazard sites Vehicles

    Line and Area Features


    Roads Trails Fire perimeters Cultural sites Campgrounds Fences Timber sale units Stream channels Vegetation type Riparian area

    Navigation
    Relocate points of interest with known coordinates Locate mapped features using projected or estimated coordinates

    Spatial Data Recording


    Method used depends on feature type
    Point Feature
    Calculates the average of all positions

    Line Feature
    Each position joined to the next in time sequence Calculates the length

    Area (polygon) Feature


    Joins each position to the next in time sequence Joins the last position to the first Calculates the area

    GIS Data Capture


    Tag GPS positions with feature and attribute data Define features of interest prior to field work Collect data in a GIS-compatible format Generate all files needed to drive GIS data loading Allow selective output to GIS based on feature name or attribute values

    Data Dictionaries
    Data dictionaries are a key in the process of describing the object or objects to be mapped, referred to as features. Descriptions of these features can add great value to the positional data collected.

    Feature

    Attribute PS-Code Source Number Date

    Value 32S/13E-17K01 M 001 12/13/99

    PWS-4010001

    Trilateration from satellites to determine position

    Satellite positions in space are known

    Measuring the distance to a satellite

    Determination of the pseudo range is done by measuring travel time of GPS radio signals traveling at the speed of light.

    Pseudo Range Trilateration

    The distance (x) from one satellite tells us we're located somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere centered on that satellite with a radius of x.

    Distance measurements from two satellites limits our location to the intersection of two spheres, which is a circle.

    A third measurement narrows our location to just two points.

    A fourth measurement determines which point is our true location

    GPS Position Accuracy


    Many factors can affect the accuracy of GPS data. Accuracy can range from 1 centimeter to over 40 meters

    Significant Parameters:
    Number of visible satellites Satellite Geometry Occupation time Multipath Satellite Clock Errors Ephemeris Errors Atmospheric Effects Receiver Errors Operator knowledge and awareness

    Satellite Geometry HDOP (Horizontal Dilution Of Precision)


    Using satellites from the 4 compass quadrants will provide a good Horizontal solution (Low HDOP).

    Using satellites from only 1 or 2 quadrants will provide a poor Horizontal solution (HIGH HDOP).

    Satellite Geometry VDOP (Vertical Dilution Of Precision)


    Using satellites well spread out in the sky will provide a good Vertical Solution (Low VDOP).

    Using only satellites which are located low on the horizon will result in a poor Vertical Solution (HIGH VDOP).

    Satellite Geometry PDOP (Position Dilution Of Precision)


    PDOP is the combination of both the Horizontal and Vertical components of position error caused by satellite geometry.

    PDOP Values 2-4 = Excellent 4-6 = Good 6-8 = Fair 8-10 = Poor 10-12 = Marginal above 12 PDOP is too High Do Not Use

    Selective Availability (S/A)


    DISCOUNTINUED MAY 1, 2000
    Intentionally degraded accuracy controlled by the Department of Defense
    It was the worst source of error Artificial clock and ephemeris (locational) errors were introduced to throw system off Prevented hostile forces from accessing the most accurate GPS capability

    GPS Position Accuracy


    General Statement of Accuracy:
    Taking all of the error sources into account, GPS accuracy will be approximately 10 meters for most GPS units. However, any given position may result in accuracy as low as 5 meters or up to 40 meters.
    ** Selective Availability OFF No Post-processed or Real-time Differential Correction

    Increasing GPS Accuracy through Differential Correction

    Base Station (known)

    Rover or Remote (unknown)

    Community Base Stations


    Semi-Permanent base station for differential correction Automated data collection Multiple rovers within 300 mile radius can use data Internet access to base files 12-channel receiver

    Uncorrected File
    18 meter accuracy from known position

    Precision: 50% of points within 25 meter radius circle

    Any one point could be inaccurate by 40 Meters.

    average GPS position Known position approx. 180 seconds 1 point per second

    File After Differential Correction


    1-5 meter accuracy from known position using GeoExplorer III

    Precision: 50% of points within 5 meter radius circle

    average GPS position Known position approx. 180 seconds 1 point per second

    Limiting Factors
    Dense canopy
    Steep topography Large and numerous structures Microwave antenna interference

    Thank You
    Sky Harrison Information Center for the Environment University of California, Davis
    http://ice.ucdavis.edu

    Phone: (530) 752-0532 Email: sky@ice.ucdavis.edu

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