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    Gps Overview Apr 04

    Uploaded by

    Pavan Chavariya
    The document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System) including how it works and sources of error. Key points: - GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites used to provide location and time information to receivers on Earth. - It works through trilateration using ranges calculated from time delays between transmitted and received signals from at least 3 satellites. - Sources of error include atmospheric conditions, satellite clock errors, and receiver limitations. Differential GPS can improve accuracy. - The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) provides real-time corrections via satellites to achieve accuracy within 3 meters for civilian users. - Proper consideration of factors like equipment, data collection methods, and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Gps Overview Apr 04

    Uploaded by

    Pavan Chavariya
    26 views24 pages
    The document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System) including how it works and sources of error. Key points: - GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites used to provide location and time information to receivers on Earth. - It works through trilateration using ranges calculated from time delays between transmitted and received signals from at least 3 satellites. - Sources of error include atmospheric conditions, satellite clock errors, and receiver limitations. Differential GPS can improve accuracy. - The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) provides real-time corrections via satellites to achieve accuracy within 3 meters for civilian users. - Proper consideration of factors like equipment, data collection methods, and

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    Gps Overview

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    The document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System) including how it works and sources of error. Key points: - GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites used to provide location and time information to receivers on Earth. - It works through trilateration using ranges calculated from time delays between transmitted and received signals from at least 3 satellites. - Sources of error include atmospheric conditions, satellite clock errors, and receiver limitations. Differential GPS can improve accuracy. - The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) provides real-time corrections via satellites to achieve accuracy within 3 meters for civilian users. - Proper consideration of factors like equipment, data collection methods, and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    26 views24 pages

    Gps Overview Apr 04

    Uploaded by

    Pavan Chavariya
    The document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System) including how it works and sources of error. Key points: - GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites used to provide location and time information to receivers on Earth. - It works through trilateration using ranges calculated from time delays between transmitted and received signals from at least 3 satellites. - Sources of error include atmospheric conditions, satellite clock errors, and receiver limitations. Differential GPS can improve accuracy. - The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) provides real-time corrections via satellites to achieve accuracy within 3 meters for civilian users. - Proper consideration of factors like equipment, data collection methods, and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    GPS Overview

    TEC7132

    April 2004

    What is GPS?

    Radio-based navigation system developed by DoD


    Initial operation in 1993
    Fully operational in 1995
    System is called NAVSTAR
    NAVigation with Satellite Timing And Ranging
    Referred to as GPS
    Series of 24 satellites, 6 orbital planes, 4 satellite vehicles (SV) on each
    plane
    Works anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day, in all weather conditions and
    provides:

    Location or positional fix


    Velocity
    Direction of travel
    Accurate time

    Global Navigation Satellite Systems


    (GNSS)

    NAVSTAR

    GLONASS

    USA

    Russians

    Galileo

    Europeans

    GPS involves 5 Basic Steps

    Trilateration

    SV Ranging

    Why consistent, accurate clocks are required

    Positioning

    Determining distance from SV

    Timing

    Intersection of spheres

    Knowing where SV is in space

    Correction of errors

    Correcting for ionospheric and tropospheric delays

    How GPS works?


    Range from each satellite calculated
    range = time delay X speed of light
    Technique called trilateration is used to
    determine you position or fix

    Intersection of spheres

    At least 3 satellites required for 2D fix


    However, 4 satellites should always be used

    The 4th satellite used to compensate for inaccurate


    clock in GPS receivers
    Yields much better accuracy and provides 3D fix

    Determining Range
    Receiver

    and satellite use same code


    Synchronized code generation
    Compare incoming code with receiver
    generated code
    Measure time difference
    between the same part of code

    From satellite
    From receiver

    Series of ones
    and zeroes repeating
    every 1023 bits. So
    Complicated alternation
    of bits that pattern looks
    random thus called
    pseudorandom code.

    Signal Structure
    Each

    satellite transmits its own


    unique code
    Two frequencies used
    L1

    Carrier 1575.42 MHz


    L2 Carrier 1227.60 MHz

    Codes
    CA

    Code use L1 (civilian code)


    P (Y) Code use L1 & L2 (military code)

    Three SV ranges known


    20,000 Km radius

    Located at one of these 2 points.


    However, one point can easily
    be eliminated because it is either
    not on earth or moving at impossible
    rate of speed.

    22,000 Km radius

    21,000 Km radius

    Accurate Timing is the Key


    SVs have highly accurate atomic clocks
    Receivers have less accurate clocks
    Measurements made using nanoseconds

    1 nanosecond = 1 billionth of a second

    1/100th of a second error could introduce error


    of 1,860 miles
    Discrepancy between satellite and receiver
    clocks must be resolved
    Fourth satellite is required to solve the 4
    unknowns (X, Y, Z and receiver clock error)

    Satellite Positioning
    Also

    required in the equation to solve


    the 4 unknowns is the actual location
    of the satellite.
    SV are in relatively stable orbits and
    constantly monitored on the ground
    SV position is broadcast in the
    ephemeris data streamed down to
    receiver

    Sources of Errors
    Largest

    source is due to the


    atmosphere
    Atmospheric

    refraction

    Charged particles
    Water vapor

    Ionosphere
    (Charged Particles)
    Troposphere

    Other Sources of Errors


    Geometry

    of satellite positions
    Satellite clock errors
    SV position or ephemeris errors
    Quality of GPS receiver
    Multi-path errors

    Dilution of Precision (DOP)


    Geometric location of the satellites as seen
    by the receiver
    The more spread out the satellites are in
    the sky, the better the satellite geometry
    PDOP (position dilution of precision) is a
    combination of VDOP and HDOP
    The lower the PDOP value, the better the
    geometric strength
    PDOP value less than 6 is recommended

    Selective Availability
    The intentional introduction of errors for
    civilian users is called Selective Availability
    SA was terminated on May 2, 2000
    When SA was on, civilian users accuracy
    was ~100 meters
    Military has capability to degrade signal in
    certain theaters of operation this is
    called spoofing

    Differential Correction

    Technique used to correct some of these errors


    Referred to as differential GPS or DGPS
    In DGPS, two GPS receivers are used
    One receiver is located at an accurately surveyed
    point referred to as the base station
    A correction is calculated by comparing the known
    location to the location determined by the GPS
    satellites
    The correction is then applied to the other
    receivers (known as the rover) calculated
    position

    DGPS Methods

    Post-processing

    Corrections performed after the data is


    collected
    Special software required

    Real-time

    Corrections are performed while the data is


    being collected
    Need special equipment to receive the DGPS
    signal

    Wide Area Augmentation System - WAAS


    New real-time DGPS
    Satellite based
    FAA initiative.now fully operational
    Series of ~25 ground reference stations
    relay info to master control station
    Master control station sends correction
    info to WAAS satellite

    http://gps.faa.gov/programs/waas/howitworks.htm

    WAAS Satellites

    WAAS satellites are geo-stationary


    On east coast, WAAS satellite sits off coast of Brazil over equator
    at 53.96 West (#35 on Garmin)
    http://www.lyngsat.com/tracker/inmar3f4.shtm
    On west coast, WAAS satellite sits over Pacific ocean at 178.0 East
    (#47 on Garmin)

    http://www.lyngsat.com/tracker/inmar3f3. shtml

    Ability to get signal deteriorates in northern latitudes (satellite is


    lower on the horizon)
    If you can get WAAS satellite signal..~3 meter accuracy
    However, cannot always get signal due to obstructions
    More WAAS satellites becoming available in future
    Europeans (EGNOS)
    Japanese (MSAS)

    GPS Accuracy Comparison


    Some common GPS devices used by FWS:

    WAAS

    Real-time

    Post-process

    DGPS

    DGPS

    DGPS

    ~ 10 - 15

    ~3

    1-3

    Federal Users Only

    ~ 8 - 15

    NA

    NA

    Trimble - GeoXT

    ~ 10

    ~3

    1-3

    Sub-meter

    GPS Device

    Autonomous

    Garmin GPSMap 76s


    Rockwell PLGR

    Accuracy given in meters

    GPS Accuracy Issues

    Ways to improve the accuracy of your GPS collected data

    Standardize data collection methods


    Establish protocols for your applications
    Employ averaging techniques
    Perform mission planning
    Utilize DGPS
    Understand how the selection of datums and coordinate
    systems affect accuracy

    GPS data collected in wrong datum can introduce ~200 meters of error into
    your GIS!

    Some issues to consider


    when purchasing GPS devices

    What is the accuracy level required for your application?


    (10 meters or sub-meter)

    How is unit going to be used in field?

    External antenna required, in heavy canopy, ease of use,


    durability, data dictionary capability, waterproof

    Cost from $100 to $12K

    Staff expertise..training..support network

    How well does unit interface with GIS?

    Latest Technology
    Mobile mapping software for WindowsCE devices
    TerraSync (Trimble)
    ArcPad (ESRI)
    Multi-path rejection technology
    Trimble GeoXT
    Bluetooth
    Allows for cable free operation

    ArcPad Software
    Bring GIS data into the field!

    Integrate GPS with GIS

    Custom forms for data collection

    ArcPad Training
    NCTC 3 day course (TEC7133)
    Utilize ArcPad Tools for ArcGIS

    Geodatabase - check out & check in

    Design custom forms for data collection

    Applets & ArcPad Studio

    Utilize GPSCorrect extension


    Customize the ArcPad interface

    Next offering: September 1-3, 2004

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