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  • Global Positioning System

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    Aftab Khan
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    The Global Positioning System is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information to GPS receivers anywhere on Earth. It became fully operational in 1995 with 24 satellites in six orbital planes. GPS uses trilateration to calculate a user's position by measuring distances to four or more satellites. It provides location, velocity, and precise time data to users with an accuracy of a few meters.

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    The Global Positioning System is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information to GPS receivers anywhere on Earth. It became fully operational in 1995 with 24 satellites in six orbital planes. GPS uses trilateration to calculate a user's position by measuring distances to four or more satellites. It provides location, velocity, and precise time data to users with an accuracy of a few meters.

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    35 views22 pages

    Global Positioning System

    Uploaded by

    Aftab Khan
    The Global Positioning System is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information to GPS receivers anywhere on Earth. It became fully operational in 1995 with 24 satellites in six orbital planes. GPS uses trilateration to calculate a user's position by measuring distances to four or more satellites. It provides location, velocity, and precise time data to users with an accuracy of a few meters.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 22

    Global Positioning System

    Space-based satellite navigation system used to locate the


    place
    Project was developed in 1973 by U.S. Department of Defense
    It became fully operational in 1995

    There are different GPS systems


    NAVSTAR - US
    GLONASS - Russia
    Galileo - EU
    BeiDou - China.
    QZSS - Japan
    IRNSS – India
    (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
    IRNSS-1A,1B,…… )
    SPACE SEGMENT-
    GPS satellites - 24 satellites
    GPS orbits at an altitude of 20,200 km and
    Period of revolution -12 hours
    Powered by solar cells & nickel cadmium batteries
    The satellites continuously orient themselves to point their
    solar panels toward the sun and their antenna towards the
    earth. Orbital planes are inclined at 55˚ with respect to equator.
    Orbits are separated by 60˚
    At least 5 to 8 satellites are always within line of sight from any
    location on the planet
    Life time of satellite- 7.5 years and replacements are constantly
    being built and launched into orbit
    CONTROL SEGMENT
    Master Control System Monitor Stations and Ground Antennas
    • MASTER CONTROL STATION located at Falcon Air Force Base
    in Colorado Springs, The control segment comprises a
    master control station and five monitor stations outfitted
    with atomic clocks that are spread around the globe.
    • Checks the exact altitude, position, speed, and overall health
    of the orbiting satellites. The control segment ensures that
    the GPS satellite orbits and clocks remain within acceptable
    limits.
    • A station can track up to 11 satellites at a time
    • They measure the distances of the overhead satellites every
    1.5 seconds and send the corrected data to Master control.
    • The five monitor stations monitor the GPS satellites and then
    send information to the master control station where
    abnormalities are revised and sent back to the GPS satellites
    through ground antennas.
    • Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado
    • Cape Canaveral
    • Florida
    • Hawaii
    • Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean
    • Diego Garcia Atoll in the Indian Ocean
    • Kwajalein Island in the South Pacific Ocean.
    Atomic clock
    • An atomic clock principle: When electromagnetic radiation
    interacts with the excited states of certain atoms, there is a
    hyperfine transition in the microwave region, or an
    electron transition in the optical or ultraviolet region of the
    emission spectrum of an atom is used as a frequency
    standard

    55Cs - 137 9192631770 Hz


    37Rb - 87
    User Segment
    GPS receiver, receives the signals from the GPS
    satellites and determines
    (1) how far away it is from each satellite and
    (2) Latitude
    (3) Longitude
    (4) Altitude
    (5) Velocity
    • GPS receivers are generally composed of
    • 1. an antenna tuned to the frequencies transmitted
    by the satellites
    • 2. receiver-processors
    • 3. highly-stable clock (commonly a crystal
    oscillator). They can also include a display for
    showing location and speed information to the user.
    A receiver is often described by its number of
    channels (this signifies how many satellites it can
    monitor simultaneously). As of recent, receivers
    usually have between twelve and twenty channels.
     
    • GPS receivers calculate distances to satellites as a function of
    the amount of time it takes for satellites' signals to reach the
    ground. A GPS Receiver is a L-band radio processor capable of
    solving the navigation equations in order to determine the
    user position, velocity and precise time (PVT), by processing
    the signal broadcasted by GPS satellites
    • The Global Positioning System carriers are in
    the L band, centered at 1176.45 MHz (L5),
    1227.60 MHz (L2), 1381.05 MHz (L3), and
    1575.42 MHz (L1) frequencies. L band waves
    are used for GPS units because they are able
    to penetrate clouds, fog, rain, storms, and
    vegetation
    • C/A code or Coarse Acquisition Code(Each code consists of
    1,023 chips and is sent at a rate of 1.023 megabits per
    second. The code sequence repeats every millisecond).
    • P-Code or Precise Code
    OTHER components of receiver
    • Receiving Antenna:
    • LNA (Low Noise Amplifier):
    • IF Amplifier:
    • Analog to digital converter
    • Microprocessor :

    A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions


    of a central processing unit
    • How GPS Determines a Position
    The working of the Global positioning system is based on the
    ‘trilateration’ means measuring distance
    Triangulation means measuring angle
    The position is determined from the distance measurements to
    satellites. Four satellites are used to determine the position of
    the receiver on the earth. The target location is confirmed by
    the 4th satellite. And three satellites are used to trace the
    location place.
    How Accurate GPS ?
    Physical Obstructions
    The measurements of arrival time can be skewed through
    large masses such as buildings, mountains, trees, etc.
    Atmospheric Effects
    GPS devices mainly affected by solar storms, Ionospheric
    delays
    A major source of error in GPS arises from the fact that the
    speed of the radio signals is constant only in a vacuum which
    means that distance measurements may vary as the values of
    the speed of signal vary in the atmosphere
    GPS applications
    • GPS receivers are used by soldiers, in aircrafts, F-16 fighters,
    Navy ships, minesweeping
    • GPS has become important for all military operations and
    weapons systems.
    • GPS is also used by car racers, hunters, bikers, and cross-
    country skiers
    • GPS is used by police, fire, emergency medical service
    enabling the quickest possible response in death or life
    situations.

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