The Global Positioning System is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information to GPS receivers anywhere on Earth. It became fully operational in 1995 with 24 satellites in six orbital planes. GPS uses trilateration to calculate a user's position by measuring distances to four or more satellites. It provides location, velocity, and precise time data to users with an accuracy of a few meters.
The Global Positioning System is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information to GPS receivers anywhere on Earth. It became fully operational in 1995 with 24 satellites in six orbital planes. GPS uses trilateration to calculate a user's position by measuring distances to four or more satellites. It provides location, velocity, and precise time data to users with an accuracy of a few meters.
The Global Positioning System is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information to GPS receivers anywhere on Earth. It became fully operational in 1995 with 24 satellites in six orbital planes. GPS uses trilateration to calculate a user's position by measuring distances to four or more satellites. It provides location, velocity, and precise time data to users with an accuracy of a few meters.
Space-based satellite navigation system used to locate the
place Project was developed in 1973 by U.S. Department of Defense It became fully operational in 1995
There are different GPS systems
NAVSTAR - US GLONASS - Russia Galileo - EU BeiDou - China. QZSS - Japan IRNSS – India (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System IRNSS-1A,1B,…… ) SPACE SEGMENT- GPS satellites - 24 satellites GPS orbits at an altitude of 20,200 km and Period of revolution -12 hours Powered by solar cells & nickel cadmium batteries The satellites continuously orient themselves to point their solar panels toward the sun and their antenna towards the earth. Orbital planes are inclined at 55˚ with respect to equator. Orbits are separated by 60˚ At least 5 to 8 satellites are always within line of sight from any location on the planet Life time of satellite- 7.5 years and replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit CONTROL SEGMENT Master Control System Monitor Stations and Ground Antennas • MASTER CONTROL STATION located at Falcon Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, The control segment comprises a master control station and five monitor stations outfitted with atomic clocks that are spread around the globe. • Checks the exact altitude, position, speed, and overall health of the orbiting satellites. The control segment ensures that the GPS satellite orbits and clocks remain within acceptable limits. • A station can track up to 11 satellites at a time • They measure the distances of the overhead satellites every 1.5 seconds and send the corrected data to Master control. • The five monitor stations monitor the GPS satellites and then send information to the master control station where abnormalities are revised and sent back to the GPS satellites through ground antennas. • Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado • Cape Canaveral • Florida • Hawaii • Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean • Diego Garcia Atoll in the Indian Ocean • Kwajalein Island in the South Pacific Ocean. Atomic clock • An atomic clock principle: When electromagnetic radiation interacts with the excited states of certain atoms, there is a hyperfine transition in the microwave region, or an electron transition in the optical or ultraviolet region of the emission spectrum of an atom is used as a frequency standard
55Cs - 137 9192631770 Hz
37Rb - 87 User Segment GPS receiver, receives the signals from the GPS satellites and determines (1) how far away it is from each satellite and (2) Latitude (3) Longitude (4) Altitude (5) Velocity • GPS receivers are generally composed of • 1. an antenna tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites • 2. receiver-processors • 3. highly-stable clock (commonly a crystal oscillator). They can also include a display for showing location and speed information to the user. A receiver is often described by its number of channels (this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously). As of recent, receivers usually have between twelve and twenty channels.
• GPS receivers calculate distances to satellites as a function of the amount of time it takes for satellites' signals to reach the ground. A GPS Receiver is a L-band radio processor capable of solving the navigation equations in order to determine the user position, velocity and precise time (PVT), by processing the signal broadcasted by GPS satellites • The Global Positioning System carriers are in the L band, centered at 1176.45 MHz (L5), 1227.60 MHz (L2), 1381.05 MHz (L3), and 1575.42 MHz (L1) frequencies. L band waves are used for GPS units because they are able to penetrate clouds, fog, rain, storms, and vegetation • C/A code or Coarse Acquisition Code(Each code consists of 1,023 chips and is sent at a rate of 1.023 megabits per second. The code sequence repeats every millisecond). • P-Code or Precise Code OTHER components of receiver • Receiving Antenna: • LNA (Low Noise Amplifier): • IF Amplifier: • Analog to digital converter • Microprocessor :
A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions
of a central processing unit • How GPS Determines a Position The working of the Global positioning system is based on the ‘trilateration’ means measuring distance Triangulation means measuring angle The position is determined from the distance measurements to satellites. Four satellites are used to determine the position of the receiver on the earth. The target location is confirmed by the 4th satellite. And three satellites are used to trace the location place. How Accurate GPS ? Physical Obstructions The measurements of arrival time can be skewed through large masses such as buildings, mountains, trees, etc. Atmospheric Effects GPS devices mainly affected by solar storms, Ionospheric delays A major source of error in GPS arises from the fact that the speed of the radio signals is constant only in a vacuum which means that distance measurements may vary as the values of the speed of signal vary in the atmosphere GPS applications • GPS receivers are used by soldiers, in aircrafts, F-16 fighters, Navy ships, minesweeping • GPS has become important for all military operations and weapons systems. • GPS is also used by car racers, hunters, bikers, and cross- country skiers • GPS is used by police, fire, emergency medical service enabling the quickest possible response in death or life situations.