A Seminar On GPS: Submitted By: Susheel Mathur

A
Seminar on GPS
Working of GPS/DGPS
Submitted By:
Why do we need GPS?
 Trying to figure out where you are
is probable man’s oldest pastime.
 Finally US Dept of Defense decided

to form a worldwide positioning
system.
 Also known as NAVSTAR

( Navigation Satellite Timing and
Ranging Global positioning system)
provides instantaneous position,
velocity and time information.
2 global positioning system

Components of the GPS
G P S
S p a c e S Ce g o mn t er o n l t S Ue gs me r e S n e t g

Space Segment:
24 GPS space
vehicles(SVs).
Satellites orbit the
earth in 12 hrs.
6 orbital planes
inclined at 55
degrees with the
equator.
This constellation
provides 5 to 8 SVs
from any point on the
earth.
Control Segment:
 The control segment comprises of 5 stations.

 They measure the distances of the overhead satellites
every 1.5 seconds and send the corrected data to
Master control.
 Here the satellite orbit, clock performance and health
of the satellite are determined and determines
whether repositioning is required.
 This information is sent to the three uplink stations

User Segment:
It consists of receivers that decode the
signals from the satellites.
The receiver performs following tasks:

Selecting one or more satellites
Acquiring GPS signals
Measuring and tracking
Recovering navigation data

User Segment:
There are two services SPS and PPS
The Standard Positioning Service
SPS- is position accuracy based on GPS
measurements on single L1 frequency C/A
code
C/A ( coarse /acquisition or clear/access) GPs
code sequence of 1023 pseudo random bi
phase modulation on L1 freq

User Segment:
The Precise Position Service
PPS is the highest level of dynamic
positioning based on the dual freq P-code
The P-code is a very long pseudo-random bi
phase modulation on the GPS carrier which
does not repeat for 267 days
Only authorized users, this consists of SPS
signal plus the P code on L1 and L2 and
carrier phase measurement on L2

How does the GPS work?
Requirements
Triangulation from satellite
Distance measurement through travel time
of radio signals
Very accurate timing required
To measure distance the location of the
satellite should also be known
Finally delays have to be corrected

GPS Communication and
Control
10
Triangulation
Position is calculated
from distance
measurement
Mathematically we
need four satellites
but three are
sufficient by rejecting
the ridiculous answer

Measuring Distance
Distance to a satellite is determined by
measuring how long a radio signal takes to
reach us from the satellite
Assuming the satellite and receiver clocks
are sync. The delay of the code in the
receiver multiplied by the speed of light
gives us the distance

Getting Perfect timing
If the clocks are perfect sync the satellite
range will intersect at a single point.
But if imperfect the four satellite will not
intersect at the same point.
The receiver looks for a common correction
that will make all the satellite intersect at
the same point

Application of GPS
Technology
Location - determining a basic position
Navigation - getting from one location to
another
Tracking - monitoring the movement of
people and things
Mapping - creating maps of the world
Timing - bringing precise timing to the
world

Military Uses for the GPS
Operation Desert Storm
Featureless terrain
Initial purchase of 1000 portable
commercial receivers
More than 9000 receivers in use by end
of the conflict
Foot soldiers
Vehicles
Aircraft
Marine vessels

Application of GPS
Technology
 Private and recreation
 Traveling by car
 Hiking, climbing, biking
 Vehicle control
 Mapping, survey,
geology
 English Channel Tunnel
 Agriculture
 Aviation
 General and commercial
 Spacecraft

Error Sources
95% due to hardware ,environment and
atmosphere
Intentional signal degradation
Selective availability
Anti spoofing

Selective Availabity
Two components
Dither :
manipulation of the satellite clock freq
Epsilon:
errors imposed within the ephemeris data
sent in the broadcast message

Anti spoofing
Here the P code is made un gettable by
converting it into the Y code.
This problem is over come by cross
correlation

Errors
Satellite errors
Errors in modeling clock offset
Latency in tracking
Atmospheric propagation errors
Through the ionosphere,carrier experiences
phase advance and the code experiences
group delay
• Dependent on
 Geomagnetic latitude
 Time of the day
 Elevation of the satellite

Errors
Atmospheric errors can be removed by
Dual freq measurement
low freq get refracted more than high freq
thus by comparing delays of L1 and L2
errors can be eliminated
Single freq users model the effects of the
ionosphere

Errors
Forces on the GPS satellite
Earth is not a perfect sphere and hence uneven
gravitational potential distribution
Other heavenly bodies attract the satellite,but
these are very well modeled
Not a perfect vacuum hence drag but it is
negligible at GPS orbits
Solar radiation effects which depends on the
surface reflectivity,luminosity of the
sun,distance of to the sun. this error is the
largest unknown errors source

DGPS
 Errors in one position
are similar to a local
area
 High performance GPS
receiver at a known
location.
 Computes errors in
the satellite info
 Transmit this info in
RTCM-SC 104 format
to the remote GPS

Requirements for a DGPS
Reference station:
Transmitter
Operates in the 300khz range
DGPS correction receiver
Serial RTCM-SC 104 format
GPS receiver

DGPS
Data Links
Land Links
 MF,LF,UHF/VHF freq used
 Radiolocations,local FM, cellular telephones and marine
radio beacons
Satellite links
 DGPS corrections on the L band of geostaionary
satellites
 Corrections are determined from a network of reference
Base stations which are monitored by control centers
like OmniSTAR and skyFix

DGPS
DGPS gives accuracy of 3-5 meters,while
GPS gives accuracy of around 15-20 mts
Removes the problem associated with SA.

Conclusion:
Components of the GPS
Working of the GPS
Errors sources in GPS
Working of the DGPS


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A

 Finally US Dept of Defense decided

 Also known as NAVSTAR

2 global positioning system

3 global positioning system

 The control segment comprises of 5 stations.

5 global positioning system

The receiver performs following tasks:

6 global positioning system

7 global positioning system

8 global positioning system

9 global positioning system

11 global positioning system

12 global positioning system

13 global positioning system

14 global positioning system

15 global positioning system

16 global positioning system

17 global positioning system

18 global positioning system

19 global positioning system

20 global positioning system

21 global positioning system

22 global positioning system

23 global positioning system

24 global positioning system

25 global positioning system

Removes the problem associated with SA.

26 global positioning system

27 global positioning system

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