Arthropoda: Abundo, John David Almazan, Alyssa Pilar Velasco, James Samuel
Arthropoda: Abundo, John David Almazan, Alyssa Pilar Velasco, James Samuel
Arthropoda: Abundo, John David Almazan, Alyssa Pilar Velasco, James Samuel
• Neostigmine
• Intramuscular administration of antivenin (for
black widow bites)
ENVENOMATION (ARACHNIDISM)
• Necrotic – caused by
▫ Loxosceles sp., commonly L. reclusa (brown
recluse spider)
Necrotic Arachnidism: Symptoms
• Severe, sharp pain at site of bite, which
immediately becomes swollen and ischemic
• Small amount and low potency venoms:
mild systemic reaction and scarlatiniform rash
Necrotic Arachnidism
• Considerable amount and high potency:
viscerocutaneous effects
ON FACE
• Eye injury appears as puffy, thick, reddened
wheal with a necrotic center that shuts eye;
swollen area becomes violet in color, then
blackens and dries; area sloughs after cutaneous
necrosis, leaving a deep granular center; slow
healing with deep disfigurement and scar tissue
ON LIMBS
• Separation of superficial skin layers from deeper
tissue to form vesicles or blebs
• Upper limb: extensive deep necrosis into deep
muscle; sloughing
• SYSTEMIC REACTIONS: hemolytic anemia,
hemoglobinuria, hematuria, jaundice, fever,
sensorial involvement within 6-24 hrs after bite
(HIGH MORTALITY RATE)
Necrotic Arachnidism
DIAGNOSIS
• characteristic necrotic lesions, along with history
of exposure
TREATMENT
• no specific chemotherapeutics
• administration of corticosteroids
True Lice
• small, crawling,
wingless insect
• distinct head, thorax, and
abdomen
• dorsoventrally compressed
• 1 pair of antennae
• 1-clawed tarsi
• sucking mouthparts
• legs adapted for clinging to hairs and fibers
True Lice
• produce pediculosis, an irritating dermatitis
• can transmit the causative agents of specific
diseases
Pediculus humanus capitis
• The head louse feeds on blood several times
daily and resides close to the scalp to maintain
its body temperature.
Pediculus humanus capitis
• It has a simple life cycle:
Pediculus humanus capitis
• Head lice infestations can be asymptomatic, particularly with
a first infestation or when an infestation is light. Itching
(“pruritus”) is the most common symptom of head lice
infestation and is caused by an allergic reaction to louse bites.
It may take 4-6 weeks for itching to appear the first time a
person has head lice.
• Other symptoms may include:
▫ a tickling feeling or a sensation of something moving in the hair;
▫ irritability and sleeplessness; and
▫ sores on the head caused by scratching. These sores caused by
scratching can sometimes become infected with bacteria
normally found on a person’s skin
Pediculus humanus capitis
• Head lice are not known to transmit any disease
and therefore are not considered a health
hazard.
DIAGNOSIS
• Finding a live nymph or adult louse on the scalp
or hair of a person
• Finding nits attached firmly within 1/4 inch of
the base of hair shafts (frequently behind the
ears and near the back of the neck)
TREATMENT
• Pyrethrins
• Permethrin lotion 1%
• Malathion lotion 0.5%;
• Lindane shampoo 1%;
Pediculus humanus corporis
• lice live and lay eggs on clothing and only move
to the skin to feed
• known to spread disease
▫ typhus
▫ louse-borne relapsing fever
▫ trench fever
▫ Salmonellosis
Pediculus humanus corporis
• roseate elevated papule at site of bite, with
intense pruritus; scarring of skin with parallel
stripes, and bronzing with pigment;
inflammatory reaction
Pediculus humanus corporis
DIAGNOSIS
• Finding eggs and crawling lice in the seams of
clothing (or on the skin).
TREATMENT
• Improving the personal hygiene of the infested
person
• Pediculicide
Haematopinus suis
• Largest louse species
commonly associated with
domestic animals
• It is found most frequently in the folds of skin
behind the ears and between the legs
• Blood-sucking activity results in much irritation
and discomfort to swine.
• Pediculosis is manifest by pruritus and dermal
irritation with resultant scratching, rubbing, and
biting of infested areas
• A generally unthrifty appearance, rough coat,
and lowered production in farm animals are
common
• In severe infestations, there may be loss of hair
and local scarification
• Extreme infestation with sucking lice can cause
anemia
• Sucking lice cause small wounds that may
become infected. The constant crawling and
piercing or biting of the skin causes nervousness
in hosts
DIAGNOSIS
• Hog lice usually move more slowly and are found
with mouthparts embedded in the skin
TREATMENT
• Spraying with coumaphos, malathion,
methoxychlor, permethrin, tetrachlorvinphos,
lindane, phosmet, amitraz, and fenvalerate
Cimex lectularius (Bedbugs)
• Blood sucking species
• Habits
▫ Feed at night on humans and small mammals
▫ Conceal in crevices of wooden bedsteads or under
loose wallpaper
▫ Easily transported in clothing and baggage
▫ Emit a characteristic odor
Cimex lectularius (Bedbugs)
•Morphology
• Oval, dosoventrally
flattened, chestnut-brown
bodies
• Pyramidal head bears
compound eyes, slender
antennae, specialized
mouthparts in a long
proboscis
• Each of the 3 thoracic
segments bears a pair of
legs that terminate in a pair
of simple claws
Cimex lectularius (Bedbugs)
Cimex lectularius (Bedbugs)
• Clinical Manifestations
▫ Bite of the bedbug produces red itching wheals
and bullae
▫ Some persons show little or no reaction
▫ Others may manifest allergic symptoms with
generalized urticaria and even asthma
▫ Role in transmission of human disease is minimal;
may act as a mechanical carrier but is not a proved
biologic vector of human diseases
Cimex lectularius (Bedbugs)
• Treatment
▫ Irritation and itching of bites may be relieved by
ammonia, spirits of camphor, menthol-phenol
paste, or calamine lotion
• Control
▫ Repair of cracked plaster and wallpaper
▫ Apply 5% DDT solution in kerosene, 0.1% Lindane
oil solution, or 1% malathion solution to floors,
walls, furniture, and mattresses
Order Acarina
(Ticks and Mites)
• Includes many parasites and vectors of diseases
of humans and lower animals
• Mouth parts and their base, the capitulum, are
attached to the anterior portion of the body by a
movable hinge
• Sexes are separate
Ticks vs Mites
Parasitic Ticks Parasitic Mites
• Morphology
▫ Small, oval, dorally convex,
ventrally flattened eyeless
mite
▫ Male: 200 to 250 µ
▫ Female: 330 to 450 µ
▫ Mouth parts consist of
toothed chelicerae, 3-jointed
conical pedipalps, and
hypostome
▫ 4 pairs of legs
Sarcoptes scabiei (Mange Mites)
• Scabies
▫ Sites are interdigital spaces, flexor surfaces of the
wrists and forearms, elbows, back, and genitalia
▫ Lesions appear as slightly reddish elevated tracts
in skin
▫ Intense itching aggravated by warmth and
perspiration causes scratching which spreads
infestation and irritates lesions
▫ Diagnosis: obtaining mite from its burrow with a
needle
▫ Transmitted by personal contact
Sarcoptes scabiei (Mange Mites)
• Treatment
▫ Application of Kwell after a hot, soapy bath
• Control
▫ Treatment of infected individuals, sterilization of
garments and bedding, and personal cleanliness
MOSQUITOES