CH13 Ninenth Standard NCERT BOOK

Chapter 13
WHY DO WE FALL
ILL
Health and its failure
• Health is a state of physical, mental and
social well being.
• The conditions necessary for good health
are :-
Good physical and social environment.
Good economic conditions.
Social equality and harmony.
• Good physical and social environment
includes clean surroundings, good
sanitation, proper garbage disposal and
clean drinking water .
• Good economic conditions includes job
opportunities for all for earning to have
nutritious food and to lead a healthy life.
• Social equality and harmony are necessary
for a healthy and peaceful life.
Differences between Healthy
and Disease free
S.NO HEALTHY DISEASE FREE
1 It is a state of physical, It is a state of absence from

mental and social well diseases
being.
2 It refers to the It refers only to the
individual, physical and individual.
social environment.
3 The individual has good The individual may have

health. good health or poor health.
What does disease look like
• When a person is affected by a disease either
the normal functioning or the appearance of
one or more systems of the body changes for
the worse.
• These changes give rise to signs of the disease
called symptoms.
• On the basis of the symptoms the physicians
look for the signs of a particular disease and
conduct tests to confirm the disease
Types of diseases
• Diseases are of different types. They are :-
• Acute diseases :- are diseases which last
only for a short period of time and does
not have long term effect on health.
Eg:- cold, cough, typhoid, cholera etc. ii)
Types of diseases
• Chronic disease :- are diseases which
lasts for a long time and has long term
drastic effect on health.
Eg :- diabetes, tuberculosis, elephantiasis,
arthritis, cancer etc.
Types of diseases
• Infectious diseases (Communicable
diseases) are diseases which spread from
an infected person to a healthy person
through air, water, food, vectors, physical
contact or sexual contact.
• Eg :- common cold, chicken pox, mumps,
measles, typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis,
malaria, AIDS etc.
Types of diseases
• Non-infectious diseases (Non-
communicable diseases) are diseases which
are not spread from an infected person to a
healthy person.
• Eg :- beri beri, rickets, scurvy, night
blindness, diabetes, cancer, high blood
pressure etc
Causes of diseases
Diseases are caused by :-
• Pathogens like virus, bacteria, fungi,
protozoans or worms
• Poor health and under nourishment.
• Malfunctioning of body parts.
• Environmental pollution.
• Genetic disorders.
Infectious diseases
Infectious agents:
• The agents which cause infectious diseases
are called pathogens.
• These are
– Viruses (Common cold, AIDS, Measles)
– Bacteria (Cholera, Typhoid, Tuberculosis)
– Fungi (Skin infections)
– Protozoans and worms etc.
Means of spreading
• Infectious diseases spread from an
infected person to a healthy person
through air, water, food, vectors, physical
contact and sexual contact.
• Through air :- Common cod,
Tuberculosis, Pneumonia etc.
• Through water :- Cholera, Amoebic
dysentry etc.
Means of spreading
• Through vectors :-
• Mosquitoes :- Malaria, Dengue, Yellow
fever etc.
• Flies :- Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Diarrhoea,
Dysentry etc.
Means of spreading
• Through sexual contact :- Syphilis,
AIDS. AIDS virus can also spread though
blood transfusion and from the mother to
her child during pregnancy and through
breast feeding.
Organ-specific and tissue-
specific manifestations
• Disease causing microbes enter the body by
different means and goes to different organs
and tissues.
• Microbes which enters through the nose are
likely to go to the lungs. ( Bacteria which
cause tuberculosis of lungs).
• Microbes which enter through the mouth are
likely to stay in the gut ( Bacteria which
causes Typhoid) or liver (Bacteria which
causes Jaundice).
• Virus which causes AIDS enter the body
through sexual organs during sexual
contact and spreads through the lymph to
all parts of the body and damages the
immune system.
• Virus which causes Japanese
encephalitis (brain fever) enters the
body through mosquito bite and goes and
infects the brain.
Principles of treatment
• The treatment of infectious diseases
consists of two steps.
• They are to reduce the effects of the
disease (symptoms) and to kill the
microbes which caused the disease.
Principles of treatment
To reduce the effects of the disease :-
This can be done by taking medicines to
bring down the effects of the disease like
fever, pain or loose motions etc. and by
taking bed rest to conserve our energy.
To kill the microbes :- This can be done
by taking suitable antibiotics and drugs
which kills the microbes and the disease is
cured
Principles of prevention
• General ways of prevention :- Public
hygiene is most important for prevention
of infectious diseases.
• Proper and sufficient food for every one
will make people healthy to resist
infection.
• Air borne diseases can be prevented by
living in conditions that are not crowded.
• Water borne diseases can be prevented by
providing safe drinking water.
• Vector borne diseases can be prevented by
providing clean environment
• Specific ways of prevention :- The
specific ways to prevent infectious disease is
immunisation by taking vaccines.
• Vaccines provide immunity from infectious
diseases like tetanus, diphtheria, whooping
cough, measles, polio etc.
• Our body has an immune system which fights
microbial infection.
• When this system first sees an infectious
microbe, it kills the microbe and remembers
it. So if the microbe enters the body the next
time, it responds more vigorously.
• Vaccines mimic the infectious microbe and
strengthens our immune system and protects
the body from infectious diseases

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Chapter 13

1 It is a state of physical, It is a state of absence from

3 The individual has good The individual may have

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