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    Transmission Modes: CECS 474 Computer Network Interoperability

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    Ratnakar Babu
    1) Transmission modes can be either serial (one bit at a time) or parallel (multiple bits at once). Serial is more common as it allows long distances at low cost. 2) Timing of transmission can be asynchronous (random intervals), synchronous (continuous), or isochronous (regular intervals). Asynchronous uses extra bits for synchronization. 3) Channels can be simplex (one direction), half-duplex (one direction at a time on a shared medium), or full-duplex (two directions simultaneously).

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    Transmission Modes: CECS 474 Computer Network Interoperability

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    Ratnakar Babu
    39 views13 pages
    1) Transmission modes can be either serial (one bit at a time) or parallel (multiple bits at once). Serial is more common as it allows long distances at low cost. 2) Timing of transmission can be asynchronous (random intervals), synchronous (continuous), or isochronous (regular intervals). Asynchronous uses extra bits for synchronization. 3) Channels can be simplex (one direction), half-duplex (one direction at a time on a shared medium), or full-duplex (two directions simultaneously).

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    Transmission Modes

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    474-Ch9-TransmissionModes

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    1) Transmission modes can be either serial (one bit at a time) or parallel (multiple bits at once). Serial is more common as it allows long distances at low cost. 2) Timing of transmission can be asynchronous (random intervals), synchronous (continuous), or isochronous (regular intervals). Asynchronous uses extra bits for synchronization. 3) Channels can be simplex (one direction), half-duplex (one direction at a time on a shared medium), or full-duplex (two directions simultaneously).

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    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    39 views13 pages

    Transmission Modes: CECS 474 Computer Network Interoperability

    Uploaded by

    Ratnakar Babu
    1) Transmission modes can be either serial (one bit at a time) or parallel (multiple bits at once). Serial is more common as it allows long distances at low cost. 2) Timing of transmission can be asynchronous (random intervals), synchronous (continuous), or isochronous (regular intervals). Asynchronous uses extra bits for synchronization. 3) Channels can be simplex (one direction), half-duplex (one direction at a time on a shared medium), or full-duplex (two directions simultaneously).

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    CECS 474 Computer Network Interoperability

    CHAPTER 9
    Transmission Modes

    Tracy Bradley Maples, Ph.D.


    Computer Engineering & Computer Science
    Cal ifornia State University, Long Beach

    Notes for Douglas E. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets (5th Edition)
    A Taxonomy of Transmission Modes
    Defn: A transmission mode is the manner in which data is sent over the underlying
    medium

    Transmission modes can be divided into two fundamental categories:

    Serial — one bit is sent at a time

    Parallel — multiple bits are sent at the same time


    Parallel Transmission

    Parallel transmission allows transfers of multiple data bits at the same time over separate
    media.
    • It is used with a wired medium
    • The signals on all wires are synchronized so that a bit travels across each of the
    wires at precisely the same time

    The figure omits two important details:


    1. a parallel interface usually contains other wires that allow the sender and
    receiver to coordinate
    2. to make installation and troubleshooting easy, the wires are placed in a single
    physical cable

    A parallel mode of transmission


    has two chief advantages:
    (1) High speed--it can send
    N bits at the same time.
    (2) It can match the speed
    of the underlying hardware.
    Serial Transmission

    Serial transmission sends one bit at a time.

    Most communication systems use serial mode, because:


    • serial networks can be extended over long distances at less cost
    • using only one physical wire means that there is never a timing problem caused by
    one wire being slightly longer than another

    Sender and receiver must contain a hardware that converts data from the parallel form
    used in the device to the serial form used on the wire
    Transmission Order: Bits and Bytes

    In serial mode, when sending bits, which bit should be sent across the medium first?

    Consider an integer: Should a sender transmit


    • the Most Significant Bit (MSB) first?
    • the Least Significant Bit (LSB) first?

    Terminology:
    • little-endian describes a system that sends the LSB first.
    • big-endian describes a system that sends the MSB first .

    Either form can be used, but the sender and receiver must agree.
    Transmission Order: Bits and Bytes (cont’d)

    Additionally, the order the bytes are sent must be determined.


    • Data in a computer is divided into bytes, and each byte is further divided into bits
    (typically 8 bits per byte)

    Thus, it is possible to choose a byte order and a bit order independently

    For example, Ethernet specifies that data is sent byte big-endian and bit little-endian
    Timing of Serial Transmission

    Serial transmission mechanisms can be divided into three broad categories (depending
    on how transmissions are spaced in time):
    • Asynchronous transmission can occur at any time
    • Synchronous transmission occurs continuously
    • Isochronous transmission occurs at regular intervals
    Asynchronous Transmission

    Asynchronous transmission allows the physical medium to be idle for an arbitrary


    amount of time between two transmissions.

    It is well-suited to applications that generate data at random time intervals.

    For example:
    • a user typing on a keyboard
    • a user that clicks on a hyperlink

    Asynchronous disadvantage:

    While the medium is idle, a receiver cannot know how long the medium will remain
    idle before more data arrives.

    Asynchronous technologies usually require the sender to transmit a few extra bits
    before each data item:
    • to inform the receiver that a data transfer is starting
    • extra bits (preamble or start bits) allow the receiver to synchronize with the
    incoming signal
    Example: RS-232 Asynchronous Character Transmission

    Before USB, RS-232-C is the most widely accepted way to transfer characters across
    copper wires between a computer and a device such as a modem, keyboard, or terminal.

    RS-232 defines serial, asynchronous communication.

    RS-232 specifies the physical connection as well as the electrical details:

    • Specified by the EIA


    • Voltage is +15 or –15 volts
    • Cable limited to ~50 feet
    • Latest EIA standard is RS-422 (ITU standard is V.24)
    • It specifies the transfer of characters (usually 7-bit)

    Example use: connection to a keyboard or mouse via the serial port on a PC


    Example: RS-232 Asynchronous Character Transmission (cont’d)

    For RS-232 to work asynchronously:


    • Sender and receiver must agree on
    • Number of bits per character
    • Duration of each bit
    • Receiver
    • Does not know when a character will arrive
    • May wait forever
    • To ensure meaningful exchange send:
    • Start bit before each character Start bit
    • One or more stop bits after each character • Same as 0
    • Not part of data
    Stop bit
    • Same as 1
    • Follows data

    Figure 5.2 Voltage on a wire as a character is transmitted using RS-232.


    Baud Rate, Framing and Errors

    The duration of a bit in RS-232 is determined by the baud rate.

    Defn: The baud rate of transmission hardware is the number of changes in the signal per
    second that the hardware generates.

    Example: Typical baud rates: 9.6 Kbaud, 14.4 Kbaud and 28.8 Kbaud

    For RS-232 (it is a very simple scheme), the baud rate is exactly equal to the number of
    bits per second.

    Example: 28.8 Kbaud = 28.8 kbits per second


    The duration of a bit = 1/(baud rate)

    To make RS-232 more general, manufacturers design each piece of hardware to operate at
    a variety of baud rates.
    • Sender and receiver must agree on the baud rate
    • Receiver samples the signal to verify agreement
    • Disagreement results in a framing error
    Isochronous Transmission

    Isochronous transmission is designed to provide steady bit flow for multimedia


    applications.

    Isochronous networks are designed to accept and send data at a fixed rate, R.

    • This is ideal when delivering such data at a steady rate is essential (jitteris
    minimized).
    • Network interface is set to transmit/receive exactly R bits per second

    Example: An isochronous mechanism designed to transfer voice operates at a rate of


    64,000 bps:
    • A sender must generate digitized audio continuously
    • A receiver must be able to accept and play the stream at 64,000 bps
    Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission

    A communications channel can be classified as one of three types:

    1. Simplex: A simplex mechanism can only transfer data in a single direction. It is


    analogous to broadcast radio or television

    2. Full-Duplex: Full-duplex allows transmission in two directions simultaneously.

    3. Half-Duplex: A
    half-duplex mechanism
    involves a shared trans-
    mission medium. The
    shared medium can be
    used for communication
    in each direction but
    the communication
    cannot proceed
    simultaneously.

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