Phasor

Phasor Diagram of Transformer
Transformer on No Load Condition

• When the transformer is operating at no load, the
secondary winding is open circuited, which means there
is no load on the secondary side of the transformer
and, therefore, current in the secondary will be zero,
while primary winding carries a small current I0 called
no load current which is 2 to 10% of the rated current.
• This current is responsible for supplying the iron losses
(hysteresis and eddy current losses) in the core and a
very small amount of copper losses in the primary
winding.
• The angle of lag depends upon the losses in the
transformer. The power factor is very low and varies
from 0.1 to 0.15.
• The no load current consists of two components
 Reactive or magnetizing component Im
(It is in quadrature with the applied voltage V1. It
produces flux in the core and does not consume
any power)
 Active or power component Iw, also know as
working component
(It is in phase with the applied voltage V1. It
supplies the iron losses and a small amount of
primary copper loss)
• The following steps are given below to draw the phasor
diagram
 The function of the magnetizing component is to produce
the magnetizing flux, and thus, it will be in phase with the
flux.
 Induced emf in the primary and the secondary winding lags
the flux ϕ by 90 degrees.
 The primary copper loss is neglected, and secondary current
losses are zero as I2 = 0. Therefore, the current I0 lags behind
the voltage vector V1 by an angle ϕ0 called no-load power
factor angle shown in the phasor diagram above.
 The applied voltage V1 is drawn equal and opposite to the
induced emf E1 because the difference between the two, at
no load, is negligible.
 Active component Iw is drawn in phase with the applied
voltage V1.
 The phasor sum of magnetizing current Im and the working
current Iw gives the no load current I0.
• From the phasor diagram
drawn above, the following
conclusions are made
Transformer ON Load Condition
• When the transformer is on the loaded condition, that
means the secondary of the transformer is attached with
some load, either it can be resistive, inductive or
capacitive.
• Current I2 flows through the secondary winding of the
transformer.
• The magnitude of the current I2 depends upon the
terminal voltage V2 and impedance of the load.
• The phase angle depends upon the nature of the load.
Operation of the Transformer on Load Condition
• The Operation of the Transformer on Load
Condition is explained below
When the transformer is on NO load, it draws no
load current I0. This no load current produces an
MMF N1I0 which sets up the flux ϕ in the core as
shown in the figure below
When the transformer is loaded, current
I2 flows in the secondary winding as shown in
the figure below. This secondary current
I2 produces an MMF N2I2, which sets up the
flux ϕ2 in the core. This flux ϕ2 opposes the
flux ϕ which is set up by the current I0.
(According to Lenz’s law).
 Since the flux ϕ2 opposes the flux ϕ the resultant
flux tends to decrease and causes the reduction of
self-induced emf E1. Thus, V1 predominates over
E1 causing additional primary current know as
I1’drawn from the supply.The amount of the
additional current is such that the flux in the core
must be restored to its original value ϕ, so that
V1 = E1. The current I1’ is in phase opposition with
I2 and is called Primary Counter Balancing Current.
 This additional current I1’produces an MMF, NI I1’
which sets up flux ϕ1’. The direction of the flux ϕ1’
is same as the flux ϕ and it cancels the flux ϕ2 sets
up by the MMF N2I2.
• Now, N1I1’ = N2I2
• Therefore,
 The phasor difference between V1 and I1 gives the
power factor angle ϕ1 of the primary side of the
transformer.
 The power factor of the secondary side depends
upon the type of load connected to the
transformer.
 If the load is inductive as shown in the above
phasor diagram, the power factor will be lagging,
and if the load is capacitive the power factor will
be leading. The total primary current I1 is the
vector sum of the current I0 and I1’. i.e
Phasor Diagram of Transformer on Inductive Load
• The phasor
diagram of the
actual
transformer
when it is loaded
inductively is
shown in fig.
Steps to draw the phasor diagram
 Take flux ϕ a reference
 Induces emf E1 and E2 lags the flux by 90 degrees.
 The component of the applied voltage to the primary
equal and opposite to induced emf in the primary
winding. E1 is represented by V1’.
 Current I0 lags the voltage V1’ by 90 degrees.
 The power factor of the load be lagging. Therefore
current I2 is drawn lagging E2 by an angle ϕ2.
 The resistance and the leakage reactance of the windings
result in a voltage drop and hence secondary terminal
voltage V2 is the phasor difference of E2 and voltage drop.
 V2 = E2 – voltage drops
I2 R2 is in phase with I2 and I2X2 is in quadrature with I2.
 The total current flowing in the primary winding
is the phasor sum of I1’ and I0.
 Primary applied voltage V1 is the phasor sum of
V1’ and the voltage drop in the primary winding.
 Current I1’ is drawn equal and opposite to the
current I2
 V1 = V1’ + voltage drop
I1R1 is in phase with I1 and I1XI is in quadrature
with I1.
• The phasor difference between V1 and I1 gives the
power factor angle ϕ1 of the primary side of the
transformer.
• The power factor of the secondary side depends
upon the type of load connected to the
transformer.
• If the load is inductive as shown in the above
phasor diagram, the power factor will be lagging,
and if the load is capacitive the power factor will
be leading. Where, I1R1 is the resistive drop in
the primary windings
I2X2 is the reactive drop in the secondary winding
Phasor Diagram of Transformer on Capacitive Load
• The Transformer
on Capacitive
load (leading
power factor
load) is shown
below in the
phasor diagram.
Steps to draw the phasor diagram at
capacitive load
 Take flux ϕ a reference
 Induces emf E1 and E2 lags the flux by 90 degrees.
 The component of the applied voltage to the
primary equal and opposite to induced emf in the
primary winding. E1 is represented by V1’.
 Current I0 lags the voltage V1’ by 90 degrees.
 The power factor of the load be leading.
Therefore current I2 is drawn leading E2
 The resistance and the leakage reactance of the
windings result in a voltage drop and hence secondary
terminal voltage V2 is the phasor difference of E2 and
voltage drop.
V2 = E2 – voltage drops
I2 R2 is in phase with I2 and I2X2 is in quadrature with I2.
 Current I1’ is drawn equal and opposite to the current I2
 The total current I1 flowing in the primary winding is the
phasor sum of I1’ and I0.
 Primary applied voltage V1 is the phasor sum of V1’ and
the voltage drop in the primary winding.
V1 = V1’ + voltage drop
I1R1 is in phase with I1 and I1XI is in quadrature with I1.
The phasor difference between V1 and I1 gives
the power factor angle ϕ1 of the primary side
of the transformer.
The power factor of the secondary side
depends upon the type of load connected to
the transformer.

Phasor

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Phasor Diagram of Transformer

Transformer on No Load Condition

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