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AVR Microcontroller

The document discusses microcontrollers and embedded systems. It defines a microcontroller as a microprocessor system built on a single integrated circuit that combines a CPU core, memory, input/output ports, and peripherals. This allows for low-cost and simplified design of embedded systems to perform dedicated functions. AVR microcontrollers are described as a common 8-bit RISC architecture with on-chip flash memory used for program storage. Specific features of the Atmega8 microcontroller are outlined, including its ports, pins, and peripherals like timers and analog-to-digital converters.

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Naveen Pandey
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
257 views

AVR Microcontroller

The document discusses microcontrollers and embedded systems. It defines a microcontroller as a microprocessor system built on a single integrated circuit that combines a CPU core, memory, input/output ports, and peripherals. This allows for low-cost and simplified design of embedded systems to perform dedicated functions. AVR microcontrollers are described as a common 8-bit RISC architecture with on-chip flash memory used for program storage. Specific features of the Atmega8 microcontroller are outlined, including its ports, pins, and peripherals like timers and analog-to-digital converters.

Uploaded by

Naveen Pandey
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microcontrollers

RoboCamp `09
Embedded Systems
 An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform
one or a few dedicated functions.
 In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do
many different tasks depending on programming.
 A wide variety of the electronic devices we use today come under embedded
systems.
 From a simple toy car ,traffic lights to cell phones but of different complexity.
 Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability
and performance.
 Hence the Microcontroller.
Why Microcontrollers?
 A microcontroller is a complete
microprocessor system built on a
single IC.
 Microcontrollers were developed to
meet a need for microprocessors to be
put into low cost products.
 Building a complete microprocessor
system on a single chip substantially
reduces the cost of building simple
products, which use the
microprocessor's power to implement
their function.
 By reducing the size and cost
compared to a design that uses a
separate microprocessor, memory, and
input/output devices, microcontrollers
make it economical to digitally control
even more devices and processes.
Microcontroller
 So a microcontroller combines onto the same microchip :
 The CPU core
 Memory (both ROM and RAM)
 Some parallel digital I/O
 Peripherals like ADC ,SPI etc

 The Microcontroller is a simple microprocessor which just acts like a computer


doing what it is programmed to do.

The program is stored in the Flash memory.
Blocks of a Microcontroller
 CPU core
 This is the processing unit which executes the program.
 Flash Memory
 The place where the program is stored. This is read by the CPU core and executes each
instruction.
 Non-volatile (remains even after device power off)
 SRAM
 RAM used by the CPU to store temporary variables.
 Volatile
 EEPROM
 ROM for storing finished results or data for future use.
 Non-volatile
 I/O ports
 Digital ports used for input/output to control leds etc
 Peripherals
 ADC
 Timers
AVR Microcontrollers

8 –bit
•

RISC
•

Mixed Harvard
•

architecture

•One of the first


microcontroller
families to use
on-chip flash
memory for
program storage,
as opposed to
one time
programmable
ROM.
Atmega8
 16K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
 512 Bytes EEPROM
 1K Byte Internal SRAM
 Operating voltages 3.3v-5.5v
 Internal calibrated oscillator 1,2,4,8Mhz
 Two 8 bit Timers/ Counters
 One 16 bit timer/ counter
 10 bit ADC
 Analog Comparator
 Two wire interface (I2C bus)
 Connects to external devices that talk through this bus, for eg SRF-04 sonar rangers
 SPI serial interface
 A serial protocol/ standard for talking to external devices, developed by Motorola. Analog
devices’ accelerometers use this interface
 Programmable serial USART
Pin-out
 Reset( idealy high, pull to low to
reset)
 ADC[0-5] ADC input
 Vcc, Gnd power
 Avcc, Aref ADC
Hardware Requirements
 USB programmer
 Used to transfer program from the computer to the microcontroller using USB port
 Power Supply
 Through a 5v regulator
 Simple connectors
 Push button
 Leds,resistance,capacitors
Basic I/O port configuration
 Use I/O ports, to write values to port pins and read values from them.
 Glowing LED or activating/enabling external circuits by writing a high or low to
them.
 Readings states from sensors.
Ports and Port Pins
 4 I/O ports: Port A, B, C, D also denoted as PA, PB,
PC, PD
 Each port has 8 lines that can be independently set as
H/L
 Each of the 8 lines can be configured independently as
an input or an output pin
 The above feature is called True Read Modify Write
Functionality
 Pin drivers are strong enough to drive LEDs directly
 All pins have voltage invariant internal pull up resistors
 Each of them can be individually pulled up as H/L
Registers Associated With Ports
 Each port is associated with 3
registers: The data registers
(PORTa), the data direction
register (DDRa) and the Input
pin register (PINa)

 Each port pin, PA3 for eg, is


associated with 3 pins: DDa3,
PORTa3, PINa3

 While programming the


letters are capped.
Example
Peripheral Programming
 Important Registers to be considered while using peripherals
 Control register
 Used to specify mode of operation, control interrupts
 Status register
 Contains interrupt flags and other flags indicating state of operation
 Data register
 Contains end data,finished results
ADC
 10 bit successive approximation ADC
 Reference voltage provided by
 AVcc pin = Vcc or 5v
 AREF = external voltage reference pin
 2.56 V (internal reference)
 Runs in Single Conversion Mode or Free Running Mode

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